The And Measure Of Juvenile Delinquency - 2330 Words

In the midst of finding different strategies to tackle the claims and measure of juvenile delinquency, the Department of Justice will tackle the constant struggle of drugs, violence, and gang relation within our youth. In sequence presented in our studies there will show correlations within crime itself and modern day teens. Alongside our fellow departments, since September 7, 1974 in which the Juvenile Delinquency Prevention Act took place to reconcile states and communities to know how and what measures to take in helping the youth so close to juvenile delinquency. Some amending can be done to ensure that our communities are still obligated for the correct upbringing of the future. To begin, according to crimesolutions.gov, â€Å"The U.S.†¦show more content†¦Although, minor they could become subject to one day being a gateway to other crimes. Knowing that children are raised in different types of environments as well as learn how to behave on different standards. There are some ways that can demonstrate how someone is put together. It can best be described in a short text from David Ferrington, â€Å"Children will tend to become delinquent if parents do not respond consistently and contingently to their antisocial behavior and if parents behave in an antisocial manner. Attachment theory was inspired by the work of John Bowlby and suggest that children who are not emotionally attached to warm, loving, and law-abiding parents will tend to become more delinquent (cf. Carlson Stroufe, 1995)†(Ferrington, pg 209). In the short segment of what Ferrington was getting across was that basically children learn from actions that they see, they view and they direct. That is why that as parents it is the first call to take care of what needs to be done and solved. Furthermore crimesolutions.gov states that, â€Å"Child protective services agencies investigated nearly 2 million reports of maltreatment involving more than 3.5 million children in 2010† (n.d.). It becomes self-evident that parents play a vital role into a childs social life and who they become in the future. As an organization we know reasons why such things occur and how parents do play a key fact in the future of their children, but how can we get to a point

The Ns The National Security Agency - 1250 Words

The National Security Agency or otherwise known as the NSA, had sparked a recent debate of the fundamental amendment rights that American citizens have. To provide some historical context, the NSA in 2013 was exposed by Edward Snowden, a former contractor and employer of the NSA. He was a NSA whistleblower who divulged the surveilling tactics that the government had imposed on its citizens, as well as on many of its international allies. Many senior governmental officials had repeatedly stated the program’s importance in national security; however, many had also questioned its efficiency and validity in due process of one s security. As a vehement believer of one’s individual rights, I do not think that even in times of war the NSA’s†¦show more content†¦The major reason on why this source is essential is because it shows that our rights as citizens. We are supposed to be safe from â€Å"unreasonable searches† and the right to be â€Å"secureâ₠¬ . The NSA being a large entity of the government does not satisfy the conditions of the amendments. If we were to think critically about this issue, surveillancing 300 million people is a great price to pay for finding a terrorist or a criminal. If we let the government have complete control of our communications, then we would have a totalitarian society where the government is aware of all of our actions. The government would unintentionally use the power of communications and abuse it under it’s own favor. A great example of this would be the dictatorship regimes of Napoleon, where he similarly silences the people and controls the government in a monarchic method. This would inevitably cause the American citizens to be in a state of fear which would be counter-productive of what the government’s creation was about. People’s amendments are made as rights. By undermining them, we are not effectively creating a system that would respect the privileges that e veryone should willingly have. Another particular reason that shows that the NSA’s actions are not permissible is because it fundamentally goes against what our country was founded for. The people see that the NSA s actions as a violation of our historic beliefs, as the NSA’s actions is the complete

A Reflection of Life and Death free essay sample

The Difference Between Life And Death In class today, the topic of Steve Jobs and his death was brought up. Something was said about his autobiography, and its high sales. That got me thinking about the Impact death has on celebrities, especially singers. Kimberly Perry, lead singer of The Band Perry, sings this in their hit single, If I Die Young, Funny when youre dead how people start listening. And its quite true Isnt It? Posthumous sales of musicians have been breaking records set by the very musicians that made that music In the first place.One prominent example Is that of Amy Whininess, who passed away tragically on 23rd July 2011. Her second album, Back In Black, released In 2006, subsequently became the Auks best-selling album of the 21st century. Another example Is that of Michael Jackson. Mr. Jackson passed away on 25th June 2009. After his death, Jackson became the best-selling albums artist of 2009. We will write a custom essay sample on A Reflection of Life and Death or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In the United States alone, over 8. 2 months that followed his death. Numerous other examples can be stated, Like Kurt Cabin, lead singer of Nirvana, who passed away in 1994, and Jim Hendrix, who died in 1970.Both artistes broke worldwide sales after their respective deaths. Personally, I feel that this is a very tragic trend. These musicians have already been parading their talents way before their deaths. However, the masses didnt know how to appreciate their talents until the passed on. And if this is happening to people that are known globally, what about those around us that arent that famous? People like our friends, our families? It shouldnt have to come to death to make us realize how important they are to our lives. Otherwise, wed Just be living with regrets and unfinished promises. A Reflection of Life and Death free essay sample Posthumous sales of musicians have been breaking records set by the very musicians that made that music in the first place. One prominent example is that of Amy Heinous, who passed away tragically on 3rd July 2011. Her second album, Back In Black, released in 2006, subsequently became the Auks best-selling album of the 21st century. Another example is that of Michael Jackson. Mr. Jackson passed away on 25th June 2009.After his death, Jackson became the best-selling albums artist Of 2009. In the united States alone, over 8. 2 million albums were sold. A total of 35 million albums were sold worldwide in the 12 months that followed his death. Numerous other examples can be stated, like Kurt Cabin, lead singer of Nirvana, who passed away in 1994, and Jim Hendrix, who died in 1970. Both artistes broke worldwide sales after their respective deaths. Personally, I feel that this is a very tragic trend.These musicians have already been parading their talents way before their deaths. We will write a custom essay sample on A Reflection of Life and Death or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However, the masses didnt know how to appreciate their talents until the passed on. And if this is happening to people that are known globally, what about those around us that arent that famous? People like our friends, our families? It shouldnt have to come to death to make us realize how important they are to our lives. Otherwise, wed just be living with regrets and unfinished promises.

Relationship Between Depression and Addiction free essay sample

Depression is a psychotic disorder marked especially by sadness, inactivity, difficulty thinking and concentrating, loss of appetite, sleeplessness, and low self-esteem. We will write a custom essay sample on Relationship Between Depression and Addiction or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I’m going to show how it all can affect each other. Depression can be both genetically inherited and brought on by a traumatic experience either as a child or adult. â€Å"Community studies have estimated the 24% of women and 15% of men will at some point in their lives is clinically depressed. † (Zautra. Emotions, Stress, and Health, pg. 133). Depression is an extended period of disturbance in both positive and negative affect systems. A black period in a person’s life can have a lot of negative emotion and very little positive emotions. You could have a great day and then next thing you know you’re in a depressive state. This can be attributed to various stressful events or small instances that can set a depressive state into motion. Everyday emotions or stressors can lead to feelings of hopelessness and low self-esteem. â€Å"Large depression is the stuff of breakdowns. † (Solomon. The Noonday Demon, pg. 17). Depression is like a building rusting over the years but with grief and insecurities that eventually collapse. There are two models of depression: The first is the dimensional: it is on a continuum with sadness that represents an extreme version. The second is the categorical: this describes depression as an illness separate from other emotions. Within depression one of the first things to go is happiness, but soon after your other emotions follow. Some of these other emotions are sadness, your sense of humor, and your belief in and capacity for love. Depression is highly dramatic and visibly different. Depression exists in time. Depression also doubles the risk of heart attacks. It’s insipid, fogs the days, disables the color in each day and weakens ordinary action. It leaves you tired, bored and self-obsessed. It takes away trust in any relationship, you start to think that people are talking about you or they don’t love you. You start to think that they don’t care. Some people are so debilitated that they shut down and push everybody away. Depression is an intense dark place; it causes uncertainty and loss of control. When you have an episode you can’t find your balance to right it. When it comes it degrades one’s self and ultimately eclipses the ability to give or receive affections. You end up going along the gradual path or a sudden trigger of emotion that brings you to a place that’s generally different than reality. You feel you are turning into something feeble, like a child that more and more of you will just blow away in the wind. It makes you feel less and less than normal. It makes you feel insignificant and you start to doubt your worth. It’s not the consequence of a reduced level of anything we can measure. It hits people in different ways. Some are predisposed to resist or battle through it; some are helpless in its grip. According to recent research, about 3% of Americans – some 19 million – suffer from chronic depression. More than 2 million of those are children. †(Solomon. The Noonday Demon. Pg. 25). Depression claims more years than war, cancer and AIDS. Pills and love are 2 ways forward. It now exists as a personal and a social phenomenon. In order to treat depression you need to understand the experience of a breakdown, the mode of action, medication, and the most common talking therapy. Intelligent treatment requires close examination on specific variants of depression. Children, elderly and gender are some of these variants. Substance abusers form a very large subcategory of their own. They disguise the depressive illness by self-medicating with alcohol and drugs. Depression and substance abuse form a cycle. People who are depressed abuse substances in a way to free themselves from feeling depressed. Some people who abuse substances disrupt their lives to the point that they become depressed. Drug and alcohol addiction can be classified as genetic. Addiction is also considered an illness. Some people abuse drugs and alcohol to escape the horrors of their family and work situations. Some use because they were abused physically and mentally. Other because of losing their children, employment or marital breakdowns. Substance abuse results in enormous costs to the abuser and their families. As in depression, feelings of loneliness and lack of positive emotion are a source of why addiction starts. I found as an addict myself that to control my emotions; I would use cocaine to escape. I abused drugs to survive through my emotions. This avoidance of pain, combined with the misinterpreting of the feeling of wanting may be what underlines the treadmill of addiction. Cocaine seems to block dopamine uptake, so that you have more floating around in your brain; morphine causes the release of dopamine. Research shows that if the brain is constantly flooded with dopamine it will develop a resistance to the drug. It’s why we as addicts need more and more to get high. When addicts go into recovery, they no longer have the excessive release of dopamine. They start to feel flat and depressed. Others with family histories of addiction tend to have lower levels of endorphins than those who are genetically and inclined to addiction. A depressed individual is likely to become addicted more rapidly than a person who isn’t depressed. Caffeine, nicotine and alcohol are the legal substances abused. Alcohol can do a great job of drowning out the pain. Cocaine is an expensive drug that causes a major crash after 48-72 hrs. It consistently depletes your neuron stores. This causes the crash. When you finally crash you have major fatigue, agitation and depression. Cocaine is considered to be a long term depression augmenter. Depression enables addicts. Depression weakens you and weakness is the surest path to addiction. Alcoholics Anonymous and other 12 step programs provide supportive settings in which people can safely share about their experiences with alcohol, depression and their own fears. With a sponsor and a therapist you can start on the path to healing yourself. Realizing what you need to change about yourself gives you the power to move on and eventually help others. It one of the hardest processes admitting that you are an addict. I know for me going back will kill me. Depression for me depletes my energy and causes me not to care about anything.

A Travel into the Korean Culture 2012 Korean Festival in Houston

One of the most vivid and memorable events in the Korean culture, the Korean Festival in Houston makes one dive into the Korean culture and understand the essence of the Korean dances. Although the process of globalization shapes the Korean culture a lot, the dance tradition manages to remain the same, with only a few elements borrowed from the Western style.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on A Travel into the Korean Culture: 2012 Korean Festival in Houston specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Korean Festival in Houston is a perfect reason to analyze the impact of the Western culture on the Korean dance, considering such essential factors as gender, modernity, empire, environmental concerns and globalization, much closer than ever. The first thing that comes to one’s mind when watching the 2012 Houston concert (ArirangDanceGroup, 2012 Houston Festival) is that it is completely unique, which seems incredible, given that the event takes place in the heart of America. Indeed, how can a group of people so detached from its native land set such typically Korean performance? The answer is, however, rather simple. Culture is far not as fragile as people think it is, and it takes much more conscious effort to make to disintegrate; in the case with the Koreans in the USA, migration is an obvious obstacle, yet this obstacle is rather easy to overcome. As Appadurai explains, â€Å"The story of mass migration (voluntary and forced) is hardly a new feature of human history† (Appadurai 4); thus, national culture must have become quite immune to the outer impact (Salih). Hence, the fear that the process of globalization is likely to kill the national culture and that â€Å"genuine humanism can degenerate into jingoism and false patriotism† (Said xxi) is less than reasonable – once there are at least a few people who can relate to a certain culture, it will never die, which the co ncert certifies. On the one hand, living in a foreign country does make the culture more vulnerable to the impact of globalization. As Mahfouz explains, the introduction of a more influential culture affects the inferior one in the most negative way â€Å"Everything has changed!† (Mahfouz 3). However, such events as the Farmer’s Dance (ArirangDanceGroup) claim the opposite. Their authenticity does not leave any shadow of the doubt that Korean culture can survive even on the American continent. Spawning from the issue of national identity raised in the paragraph above, the idea of empire and its gradual decay can also be traced in the elements of the concert. On the one hand, the concert makes it obvious that Korea has established its own culture against all the odds and the influence of the American culture; on the other hand, it is still clear that, unlike elements of culture, the principles of community structure are not going to stay within the American diaspora for too long. As Said explains,Advertising Looking for essay on cultural studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Every single empire in its official discourse has said that it is not like all the others, that its circumstances are special, that it has a mission to enlighten, civilize, bring order and democracy, and that it uses force only as a last resort. (xvi) Herein lies the fallacy of each empire. Relying on its own uniqueness, it falls apart once its people are out of the native land. However, it is still clear that the Korean national dances keep the flair of the empire (Appadurai). For instance, in 2012 Houston Festival, one can see distinctly that the dancers wear the traditional clothes; moreover, the rhythm of the drums, which sets the mood for the rest of the concert since the very beginning of the show, also creates the impression of a very strong community and a nation of impressive power and impact performing the d ance. Hence, the spirit of the Korean empire us still in the air, though slightly washed away by the sands of time. The concert also makes one thing of gender issues in Korea. Performed mostly by women, yet sounding rather bellicose, the concert displays rather feministic mood. The latter, however, is rather unusual for the Korean culture, since the spirit of a female guru is the most valid attempt at feminism in the modern Korean literature (Ghosh). The last, but not the least, the environmental issue must be mentioned. Addressed in the performances in a rather subtle way, the issue seems to have become one of the top priorities for most countries in the present-day world, and Korea is no exception for that. Though Appaderrai claims that â€Å"More people than ever before seem to imagine routinely the possibility that they or their children will live and work in the places other than they were born† (Appaderrai 175), such elements of the Korean concert as bright colors of th e costumes, which are supposed to symbolize the colors of nature serve as a cautious reminder of this possibility. Therefore, it seems that, slightly influenced by the process of globalization, the Korean culture still continues to develop in its own unique way. Keeping to the traditional motives and referring to the elements of the Korean culture, the modern dances also seem to incorporate certain features of the Western civilization, which can be considered as a positive trend.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on A Travel into the Korean Culture: 2012 Korean Festival in Houston specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, it is important to make certain that globalization contributes to the culture fusion, yet does not make distinct feature of the Korean culture fade into the background. Once maintaining the balance between the Korean dance traditions and the world legacy, the Koreans will develop their culture to re ach a completely new point. Works Cited Appadurai, Arjun. â€Å"Here and Now.† The Visual Culture Reader. Ed. Nicolas Mirzoeff. New York, NY: Routledge. 2002. 173-179. Print. Appadurai, Arjun. Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization. Volume  1. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press. 1996. Print. ArirangDanceGroup. â€Å"Farmer’s Dance.† YouTube, 4 Nov. 2012. Web. ArirangDanceGroup. â€Å"2012 Houston Festival –Nan Ta Dance.† YouTube, 4 Nov. 2012. Web. ArirangDanceGroup. â€Å"2012 Korean Festival Houston – Sword Dance.† YouTube, 4 Nov. 2012. Web. Ghosh, Amitav. Sea of Poppies. New Delhi, N: Penguin Books India. 2009. Print.Advertising Looking for essay on cultural studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Mahfouz, Naguib. Midaq Alley. n.d. Web. Said, Edward. Orientalism. London, UK: Penguin. 1977. Print. Salih, Tayeb. Seasons of Migration to the North. Oxford, UK: Heinemann Educational Publishers. 1991. Print. This essay on A Travel into the Korean Culture: 2012 Korean Festival in Houston was written and submitted by user Leighton Vazquez to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Aids Essays

Hiv/Aids Essays Hiv/Aids Essay Hiv/Aids Essay There have been studies on HIV/AIDS, but there is currently no cure for the virus/disease. There is a misconception that AIDS is transmitted, but what people don’t know is that the virus HIV is what is transmitted; leading to the disease AIDS. The risk factors, major health promoting behaviors and symptoms that can alleviate the hardships that come with the virus/disease, can cause stress, frustration and conflict managing the illness. The impact of the medical condition on the mental health and the therapeutic approaches are also discussed. Statistics tell us that 25 million people have died from AIDS since1981. In our world today many viruses and diseases have no cures. One of these diseases is AIDS, which stands for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. A virus, called Human Immunodeficiency Virus better known as HIV, causes AIDS. HIV is a virus that gradually attacks the immune system. Many people have the misconception that they can get infected with AIDS, but in actuality it is the virus you are infected with first. The virus then progressively gets worse and worse leading to the disease. There are many concerns that come along with the virus such as the risk factors of health, emotional and mental impact. HIV can be transmitted different ways some of the common ways are as follows. It can be transmitted through sexual intercourse. Both pre-cum and semen can transmit HIV to their sexual partner. Also, transmission can occur by sharing needles with someone that is infected with the virus. This is common with people that use drugs. Another way is when a person gets a tattoo, and the tattoo artist uses a dirty needle. Lastly, it can be passed to a newborn if the mother is infected with the virus. Even if the mother is not infected at the time of birth, and becomes infected afterwards; the baby can still receive the virus through breast milk. An uncommon way of coming in contact with the disease is a blood transfusion. It can happen, though there is a low percentage that the blood transferred to you can have HIV in it. There are other ways of getting infected, but they are not as common as what is listed previously. Having this virus in your body can put a person at very high risk for any type of infection. This virus attacks your immune system. What our immune system does in our body is fight bacteria and unwanted waste. For example, a person without the virus a common cold can be taken care of simply by just taking tylenol or any over the counter drug. However, when you are infected with this virus it takes much more then just an over the counter drug and the common cold could lead to death; because your immune system is not functioning properly any type of bacteria or germ that you come in contact with can be extremely dangerous. Although there is no cure for the virus/disease there are ways you can ease the symptoms. Specifically, there are eight ways to alleviate the symptoms of the virus/disease they are as follows. The most common one is medication. Medication can only do so much for a person you must apply other factors to fight the virus/disease. To enhance the effectiveness of the medication; health advisors suggest to learn how to comfort yourself when feeling depressed or sad. One way of doing this is involving yourself in daily activities and events. Eating habits should be adjusted by eating at least 5 to 6 times per day, eat high calorie and high protein foods such as dairy products, nuts, peanut butter and dried fruits. Some HIV patients experience extreme loss of weight they can drink meal replacement drinks such as ensure, boost, nutren and resource. There are two major types of exercise that can help people living with HIV, which are resistance and aerobic. Resistance exercise is weight training that can add density and bulk to the muscles in your body. Aerobic can also be called cardiovascular, is training that involves exercises that increase your heart rate. These include walking, running, swimming or bicycling. Aerobic activity is not only great for the immune system, but it also decreases your risk for developing heart disease and helps with weight management. Exercise can increase the muscle mass of the human body, which boosts the amount of energy the patient can have. The more energy the patient has can enhance the immune system. Also some medications can increase the amount of fat in your blood, but exercise can help protect you against the associated risk of heart disease. Illness is a major life event that can cause people to question themselves, their purpose, and their meaning in life. It disrupts their careers, their family life, and their ability to enjoy themselves; three aspects of life that Freud said were essential to a healthy mind. Spiritual care is recognized as a factor that contributes to health in many persons. It is expressed in an individual’s search for ultimate meaning through participation in religion and/or belief in God, family, naturalism, rationalism, humanism, and the arts. When a patient is diagnosis HIV positive, it can put a stress on the person as well as family and friends involved. Ways of coping with stress can be exercise, therapy and expressing your feelings. A person can experience anger or frustration because of the virus, feeling as if there is no point to living. Some people may deny the fact that they have HIV/AIDS this comes from not being able to handle it emotionally. These emotional problems can all be managed by seeing a therapist and educating yourself about the virus/disease. Depression can also be linked to HIV/AIDS. A person can become depressed in the beginning stages of dealing with the Virus. This can cause thoughts of wanting to die and feeling as if there is no meaning to life. With depression comes anxiety and fear. Anxiety can trigger other health problems, making the adjustment of life more difficult. This can happen when one has lack of knowledge of the virus and what is to come in the future. Society is judgmental towards people that carry the virus, which can make the person feel scared about telling others about their condition. These to things are caused from being diagnosed with HIV. There are various types of therapeutic approaches such as, medications and therapy. There are different types of antiretroviral drugs used in HIV infection. Which include multi-class combination products, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase (NNETIs), protease inhibitors (PIs), fusion inhibitors, entry inhibitors –CCR5 co-receptor antagonist, and HIV integrase strand transfer inhibitors. The key to effective treatment is early detection and intervention. Some therapies to treat HIV are herbal medicine, acupuncture, body work and massage and mind-body therapies. In conclusion, HIV/AIDS is a very serious virus/disease and should not be taken lightly. There are many mental and physical aspects that come along with the virus as mentioned earlier. If the virus is treated early, detection and intervention can occur allowing the person to live a long life. On the other hand, if the virus is ignored and the correct steps are not taken it can turn into AIDS, which will lead to death. More than 25 million people have died from AIDS since 1981.

Belonging Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Belonging - Essay Example This is the village where our family settled. My reformed life after prison was set to be part of this changed village. â€Å"Man must live!† my friend, who belonged here, encouraged as he tried to prepare for something to eat in the ill-fated structure where we had found shelter. He became my companion that despite the hustles of what life had brought forward; a light at the end of this seeming endless tunnel was eminent. My thoughts were stuck on the newness of what the village presented to me. The village aliveness that used to dominate at night during those old days was no more. People used to dance every night but that was now a thing of the past. As the bubbling of the cooking intensified, leaning on the beam, which was the main support of the structure, some tap! tap! tap!(onomatopoeia) sound could be heard from a distance. Thought started flowing in my mind. The steps though firm, could not afford to miss they were for a woman. But what would a woman be doing outside at such a late night hour? May be a witch? (Rhetoric question) Farming is the primary activity of this community that is still done using the old hoe techniques. Hunting is practiced here but due to its manual involvement, it is only a men’s affair that are masculine enough to handle the harshness of the jungle. It is not the culture of people who belonged here to have women walk at night unless something is extraordinary. Women stay indoors at night and men attend to emergencies but life in this village seemed to have decided to follow its own thoughts (metaphor). As my friend served the food he had prepared for our supper, he kept narrating the events of what the village had become of. The stars that were visible through the wrecked roof of this house seemed to node on everything this friend of mine was telling me. The food had not changed as it reminded me of my mother’s delicacies that bound us together as a family.

Understanding training and coaching in the workplace Coursework - 1

Understanding training and coaching in the workplace - Coursework Example This can be done by: analysing the current skills of the employees; emerging organisational changes, for example new computer systems and/or production methods, identifying skills that can help the business and then consider training options accordingly (nibusinessinfo.co.uk, n.d.). TNA can also help management to distinguish the type of training needed to bridge the gap between workers present expertise level and the ability level that organisations need. TNA breaks down information around a particular occupation or a gathering of occupations to focus the learning, abilities, disposition and capacities expected to accomplish ideal execution in that employment or occupation gathering (Reyes, 2014). The workforce at McDonald’s can be trained through a number of training techniques which allow sufficient interactions and exposure for the employees to grasp knowledge and develop the relative skills. Since most of the staff is usually involved in servicing customers, taking order and making food orders, methods like on the job training, cross training, shadow training and interactive training methods, which involve constant employee participation and focus, can be utilised (Hr.com, 2001). These may include: quizzes, group discussions, practical demonstrations and role playing. Intuitive training sessions help to keep trainees occupied with the training, which makes reciprocate to the new data and they can also give in-session criticism to mentors on how well trainees are learning (Hr.com, 2001). Blended learning approach: involves recognising that one training method will not suit every employee. More or less, blended learning means utilising more than one training technique to prepare employees on one subject. This methodology can be best suited to the organisation as the organisation has mixed range of activities, like: production, service and management. Mixed adapting essentially bodes well (Trainingtoday.blr.com,

Police Corruption Essay Essay Example for Free

Police Corruption Essay Essay Police Corruption can be defined as a form of police misconduct in which law enforcement officers break their social contract and abuse their power for personal or department gain. There are three forms of police corruption. These forms are Nonfeasance, which involves failure to perform legal duty, another form is Misfeasance, which is failure to perform legal duty in a proper manner, and the third form is Malfeasance, which is commission of an illegal act. The three explanations of corruption are the â€Å"rotten apples†, â€Å"departmental†, and the other focuses on factors external to the department. An example of these would be an officer might feel unappreciated for their good work and actions and it might make them corruptible. An example of departmental explanation would be if officers feel uncommitted and unsupported, their outlooks and values are reinforced by others in the group which may lead to lack of commitment in their job, thereby leading to corruption. Some police officers may abuse their power because they see themselves as not enforcers of the law, but them as the law itself. The â€Å"blue wall of silence† is a term used in the United States to denote the unwritten rule that exists among officers, where they should not report on a colleague’s misconduct, errors, or crimes. This may impact an officer’s loyalty to their profession because they are not doing their job if they are letting another officer get away with crimes, and if they did report it then they would be breaking their loyalty to fellow cops. It’s important for officers to have a good ethical foundation before they enter into this job because it would help prevent them from doing wrong and abusing their power. In the â€Å"Stopped for Being a Mutt† video, I realized how bad some officers can act sometimes. The teen was stopped and questioned multiple times for looking suspicious, when really they were just racist. They were trying to provoke the teenager to justify an arrest. I feel the form of police corruption they were doing was misfeasance. Stopping someone because of their race, when they weren’t committing any crimes is humiliating to that person and is wrong of any cop to abuse their power in this way. The â€Å"Blue wall of silence† comes up in this type of situation because some other cops  witness it and knows that this goes on when officers have low numbers of stops, and they don’t want to tell because they don’t want to seem disloyal to their fellow police officers. In the â€Å"Los Angeles Police Department† video, they talked about the Rampart and Crash scandal. When I watched this video I was in disbelief that, that many officers were implicated in some form of misconduct. I understand that they wanted to get gangs and crimes off the street but this was no way of going about it. They would shoot or beat people when they were unprovoked. They would steal narcotics and plant false evidence, and frame suspects and cover up all that these officers were doing because it was getting rid of the gangs and â€Å"hoodlums†. I can’t understand how these officers didn’t think what they were doing was wrong and immoral. This form of corruption in this particular situation was malfeasance. What they were doing was illegal, and they are here to protect and obey the law. In the â€Å"Behind the Blue Wall† video. I was extremely shocked to see the police brutality that occurred in these cases. I don’t understand how an officer could deliberately torment a victim because of their race and think they can get away with what they’re doing and that it isn’t wrong. Malfeasance is the form of corruption that comes up in these cases because what they are doing is illegal. The unlawful beatings and shootings of these victims, when they are not provoking the officers; is completely wrong and these cases need to stop. The Blue wall of silence also comes up in these cases because there were officers who knew about what happened and what the other officers were doing and instead of reporting it, they attempted to cover it up. Co-workers should treat those who inform authorities of illegal activity in the police agency the same as how they treated them before they reported corruption. In the virtue ethics perspective, the habit of right desire, he was making the right choice by reporting corruption because he knew that what was going on in the agency wasn’t right and needed to be stopped. Frank Serpico’s response to this case was â€Å"It’s always worth it to be at peace with yourself.† I think this does imply reasoning of ethical thought. I  think Serpico meant that, as long as you feel good with what you are doing, and you are doing what you think is right, then that is all the matters. I agree with this because no matter what happens in the end, it is all worth it if you are at peace and happy with what you did. There are conflicts presented in terms of loyalty and duty. Loyalty is a good to have, but it is not a virtue. If loyalty is treated as a virtue, it can be misguided. It will lead to protection of illegal conduct and can turn into corruption. Officers may want to be loyal to fellow officers and not report what is really going on, however they also want to do their duty, and want to report because it is their duty to not participate in the corruption. The blue wall of silence impacts conflicting loyalty because it is an unwritten rule amongst officers to not report a fellow officer’s mistakes, misconducts, or crimes. This affects them if they want to be loyal to those officers and be loyal to their civic duty as well. If I was an officer in this situation, I would definitely report these crimes. I don’t believe in the blue wall of silence. I think that if an officer is doing something illegal then it needs to be reported and dealt with. Just because they are officers doesn’t mean they should be able to get away with things that they are arresting other citizens for doing.

Comparative Study Of The Electoral Systems Politics Essay

Comparative Study Of The Electoral Systems Politics Essay A democracy cannot exist without elections which represent the will of the people, and elections cannot function without an electoral system that sets fair and transparent rules that govern the structures of elections. The study of electoral systems is a field of research that aims at analyzing the different electoral systems used in the world and how they put democracy into practice by making the different voters of the country represented in the parliament. A voting system can simply be defined as the procedures by which we cast votes and elect our public officials,  [1]  or that part of the electoral law and regulations which determine how parties and candidates are elected to a body as representative.  [2]  However, the importance of the electoral system lies in its consequences on the political scene of the country especially when choosing one type of electoral system over another, because electoral systems are, according to Sartori, the most speci ¬Ã‚ c manipulative instrument of politics.  [3]   In general there are twelve electoral systems that fall under three categories: majority, proportional representation and mixed systems. First, the voting systems that fall under the majority system are: first past the post, block vote, party block vote, alternative vote, and the two round systems. Second, under the proportional representation lie two systems: list proportional representation (List PR) and single transferable vote (STV). Third, the mixed system includes two systems: mixed member proportional and parallel systems. Finally, three other voting systems cannot be classified into one of the three systems mentioned above, there are: single non-transferable vote (SNTV), limited vote and borda count.  [4]  The main concern [of electoral systems] is [the] balance between decisiveness of government and representation of various minority views.  [5]  And sometimes, if not always, governments have to choose either one of these because of the difficulty of encompassing bot h those strong government and full representation in one type of electoral system. Regarding my thesis the two electoral systems that are important for my study are: list PR which is used in both Morocco and Algeria and SNTV which is used in Jordan. According to Samuel Huntington, the world has experienced three waves of democracy, the first one on the eve of the twentieth century until 1926; the second one emerged with the end of World War II until 1962 and the third one started in 1974.  [6]  The region of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) seems to be one of the few areas of the world where democratic waves did not arrive, or to be more accurate did not flourish, as there are few countries who are ranked by the Democracy Index of the Economist as either hybrid systems and many as authoritarian regimes. In the MENA region, few countries hold free and fair elections, among them are Morocco where proportional representation is used to elect the members of the parliament, Jordan, where the Single Non-Transferable Vote (SNTV) system is used and Algeria where proportional representation is used in parliamentary elections. However, in all these three countries the elections were characterized by low turnouts, invalid votes and boycott in addition to producing fragmented governments. The choice of those three MENA countries has to do with their similarities in terms of geography, culture, religion, language and their relative free and fair elections, according to international observers. On top of that, Having two kingdoms and one republic makes my comparison more interesting with Morocco at the focal point sharing similarity with Jordan in terms of the regime type and with Algeria in terms of the voting system. The objective of my thesis is to test two hypotheses: a) electoral systems in the MENA region are manipulated to produce fragmented governments and b) the geographical concentration of the vote for pro-regime parties in rural areas in contrast to the opposition base in urban areas. My thesis will compare the components of the electoral systems of the three countries and come up with patterns regarding the political party structure, the electoral reforms requested by the political parties and the elections results. Literature Review According to Andreas Schedler in his article The Nested Game of Democratization by Elections, electoral law can be used to prevent an eventual loss of votes from translating into a loss of power.  [7]  The major aim of the manipulation of the electoral system is the containment of its uncertain outcomes, therefore fair and free elections are allowed as long as the results can be predicted or controlled. In his book Rethinking Arab democratization: Elections without Democracy, Larbi Sadiki invented the terms electoral fetishism  [8]  and routinization  [9]  to describe the elections in the Middle East because their outcomes do not translate into major changes in society. However, even the manipulation of the voting system is not enough to guarantee an unsurprising outcome from the ballots as exemplified by the elections of 1991 in Algeria and 1989 in Jordan. The two cases of Algeria and Jordan show the autonomy of institutions exemplified by the electoral system that produ ces results that can either empower or weaken the candidates. So if the election results cannot be controlled they can at least be maneuvered to prevent a landslide victory of the opposition. Refraining from cancelling the result of elections is explained by the need of the regimes to obtain foreign aid and avoid international criticism. According to the author electoralism, being the creation of regimes, has become another state resource that the ruling elites use for legitimation purposes within and without.  [10]  The term electoralism refers here only to one of the three requirement of democracy; therefore having election is not enough for democracy to emerge. Therefore, the election`s main goal is to legitimate the regime and provide a way for the opposition to participate in the political life of the country but of course after guaranteeing its fragmentation. Moreover, According to Lise storm, a democracy is based on three core elements: holding free and fair elections, re specting civil liberties and strengthening the power of the elected government to govern. The aim of my study deals with the first core of the democratic principles, the free and fair elections which are instituted by the electoral law. Lise Storm stated that a country that provides for one of the three principles can still be deemed to be a democratic country, however if none of the principles is available then the country is authoritarian. Concerning the literature on the comparison of electoral systems in MENA, Ellen Lust-Okar and Amaney Ahmad Jamal analyzed the electoral systems in MENA, in their article Rulers and Rules: Reassessing the Influence of Regime Type on Electoral Law Formation. by differentiating between monarchies that prefer PR system in order to balance the strength of parties and republics that opted for plurality system in order to prevent the opposition from being elected. I will add the regime typology and election mode to make a pattern on the MENA that monarchies prefer proportional system while republics passed laws to enable the pro-regime parties to win a landslide victory. The article`s findings do not explain the use of PR in Morocco with more laws being passed to raise the threshold that will hinder small parties or the Jordanian change from a proportional system of plurality (bloc vote) to SNTV, which means one man one vote, which is supposed to reduce gerrymandering but did not. Many authors used the new institutionalism framework to analyze electoral systems. The theory is advanced by J. G. March and J. P. Olsen in their article The New Institutionalism: Organized Factors in Political Life. The theory is used in the field social science such as sociology and political science to account for the crucial rules of institutions in influencing the behavior of individuals based on norms, prohibitions or simply because an alternative does not exist. The basic aim of the theory is to prove that the organization of political life makes a difference,  [11]  which entails that those institutions are endogenous entities that benefit from an autonomy to exert its influence on individuals either by empowering them or confining their power. The institutions can be reinforced by third parties to exert actions that protect their interest without being in power. Andreas Shedler applied the theory of new institutionalism on the authoritarian regimes so that instead of ruling with coercive and undemocratic means; authoritarian rulers can use institutions to survive. The new institutionalism can be observed in four major ways: imperatives, landscape, containment, ambivalence. Regarding my study I will focus on the containment area regarding the electoral system and political parties. According to Shedler the electoral system can be manipulated by disempowerment or excluding sensitive areas from the hands of the elected officials; supply restriction which limits the choice available to the voter by banning, subverting or fragmenting certain parties; demand restriction by restricting the opposition access to the media; suffrage restriction by controlling the voting age ; preference distortion through the use of both violence such as intimidation and money such as vote buying; and vote distortion and rigging under the supervision of biased institu tions.  [12]  Regarding the legislative the manipulation includes disempowerment, agent control by directly appointing members of legislature and fragmentation.  [13]   My study will include the categorization made by the author and apply them to the three countries. The theory of new institutionalism will be useful to analyzing the electoral system in all the three countries and how the system influences the behavior of both the voters and candidates. The electoral system and constitution are institutions that have an immense influence on individuals. Who decides the winner from the loser in elections is not the regime nor the elections but rather the electoral system which has autonomy but it still can be manipulated. In the case of Morocco, George Joffe, in his article Moroccos Reform Process: Wider Implications, argued that the aims of the political reforms introduced by the regime were not due to external pressure or the triumph of the opposition to insert them, but rather to ensure the survival of the dynastic rule of the ruling family. As a result, the multiparty political system was adopted since the first constitution of 1962 to induce the political fragmentation in the country culminating in the hegemony of the palace over the political process of the country. Another interesting view of the Moroccan electoral system is by Andrew Barwig who argued, in his article How Electoral Rules Matter: Voter Turnout in Moroccos 2007 Parliamentary Elections, that the lower voter turnout in the election of 2007 was not only due to sociological factors but also to the electoral system as it produced an artificial and highly fragmented political landscape regardless of who wins the largest share of the na tional vote.  [14]  He pointed also to the aim of a multiparty system for the regime to divide and rule by preventing the emergence of a strong opposition, in addition to the role of the Ministry of Interior in controlling the electoral process since 1958 instead of assigning it to an independent commission. Third, John Grumm, the author of the article Theories of Electoral Systems, stated that the electoral system used in Morocco prevents a landslide victory of any party. The author indentified that the combination of largest remainder formula and gerrymandering induced a fragmented government and a situation whereby parties ended up with fewer seats compared to their amassed votes especially the major parties, In the case of Jordan, Glenn E. Robinson stated, in his article Can Islamists Be Democrats? The Case of Jordan, that the fear of the opposition, mainly the Muslim Brotherhood in Jordan, had motivated the king to have an electoral system that favors tribal affiliation rather than partisan one. Moreover, the same scholar in another article Defensive Democratization in Jordan, affirmed that the new electoral system adopted in 1993 benefited the tribal areas, mainly Eastern and Southern Jordan at the expense of urban areas, mainly the region of Amman-Zarqa which is Palestinian-dominanted. The authors conclusion is that electoral systems can be managed and controlled to prevent undesirable outcomes. In the case of Algeria, Ayln Guney and Aslihan Celenk, in their article The European Unions Democracy Promotion Policies in Algeria: Success or Failure?, stated that the Algerian regime passed a new electoral system before the election of 1991 by increasing the number of seats and districts in rural areas. The basic aim of the changes was to allow the pro-regime party, FLN, to win the elections but ironically the electoral system benefited the Islamist party of FIS instead. Mohand Salah Tahi, in his article Algerias legislative and local elections: Democracy denied (1997), indentified the Algerian military as the institution in control of the political life exemplified by the creation of parties such as RND and introducing changes to the constitution and electoral system that would not challenge its authority. For instance, to pass an amendment to the constitution the opposition needs the vote of three quarters of the upper house, in which one third directly appointed by the preside nt. These laws exemplify the fear of the regime from creating the same outcome of 1991, therefore passing some amendments both to the electoral system and the constitution allowed the regime to be in a position to control and manage the outcomes of elections without the need to annul them. What emerges from the literature review concerns the criteria that define the fairness and freedom of election, having international observers and abiding by the electoral law make is it apparent that the elections are transparent but what if the issues that undermine the fairness of the elections relate to the electoral system itself. The literature reviewed above shows that Jordan and Algeria introduced two electoral systems in the early 1990s believing that they would be suitable for making the pro- regime party the obvious winner in the case of Algeria and tribal candidates in the case of Jordan. However, the outcome of the elections persuaded the two countries to adopt different electoral system: PR in Algeria and SNTV in Jordan. Regarding the case of Morocco the shift from Plurality into PR in 1997 did not produce surprising results therefore the electoral system was kept. So the question here is why did three countries diverge in terms of the electoral system used, especially regarding Jordan and Morocco? There is huge body of literature written about electoral systems arguing about the list PR as the most propositional system in terms of allowing smaller parties to be represented in the parliament, the high turnout due to the absence of the wasted vote phenomena in contrast to the plurality system, more representation for women and a higher proportionality between seats and votes. However, from the elections results in both Morocco and Algeria the PR did not produce the same results expected of the system exemplified by the low turnout, high invalid votes, a high threshold that prevents small parties from gaining seats in the parliament while the negative outcome of PR which is a fragmented government seems to be present in both cases. In the case of Jordan, the resentment of the SNTV system pushed many parties to ask for a reform debate with Islamic Front Action (IFA), an offshoot of the Muslim Brotherhood, asking for PR system and other parties asking for a mixed system. My thesis will analyse the abnormalities of the three systems that generated much discussion about the ineffectiveness of the voting system and the need to reform it. According to Andrew Reynolds , Ben Reilly and Andrew Ellis, the electoral system is the easiest political institution to be manipulated and the choice of the electoral system determines the winners. However, the usual distinction between Plurality and Proportional systems as the former encourages two party systems while the other induces multi-parties is not always accurate as many examples contradict these findings such as Spain, Namibia, South Africa and India.  [15]  This has to do with many variables besides the electoral system used such as the socio-political context of the country. Therefore, The electoral system cannot be seen in isolation of other political institutions such as the constitution, the political parties among other socio political variables, thus a PR system can have two different outcomes in two countries .The case of the three countries of Algeria, Morocco and Jordan have quasi-similar political context so the outcome of particular voting system will have the same effect based on the elections results in 2003 and 2007. Theoretical Framework According to   Gallagher and Mitchell: Government is representative government, in which the people do not govern themselves directly but rather delegate the task of political decision-making to a smaller set of public officials. In democratic societies these representatives are elected.  [16]  In order to understand how governments are elected, we need to understand the system that allows them to be elected which is the voting system: The set of procedures that determine how people are elected to office. These procedures include how the ballot is structured, how people cast their votes, how those votes are counted, and how the winners are decided.  [17]  The electoral system does not only determine how people are elected to the office but also serves as a link between the voter`s preferences and the policies of the government; at least, theoretically speaking, the majority of the voters will have their opinion respected in terms of the parties and candidate they elected.  [18]   Based on these two quotations, the electoral systems are accurate examples to assess democracy, because electoral systems can tell more about the country. Reynolds, Reilly and Ellis divided the different aspects represented by electoral systems into four categories: geographic representation, which means that the different regions of the country are represented in the parliament; ideological representation, which implies that all the different political doctrines are represented in the parliament and at least the minor, ones, can compete in the elections; party-political situation which denotes that power is not in the hand of one party while excluding other parties from participating in the elections;  [19]  and descriptive representation, which entails that its different ethnic, linguistic, religious and gender components are represented; or, as Reynolds, Reilly and Ellis put it, serves as the mirror of the nation.  [20]  My thesis will include those four categories to anal yze electoral systems of the three countries based on the parliamentary elections held after 2000. On top of that, I will also use the theory of new institutionalism with the framework of Andreas Schedler which will be useful in identifying the reasons behind choosing a particular type of electoral system and targeting the areas that were manipulated. Aims of the Study My aim is to explain that it is possible to have free and fair elections but that does not mean that the country is democratic as the elections are based on the choice of the electoral system that produces fragmented government through the use of such policies as rising the threshold, gerrymandering and requiring difficult measures to pass an amendment to the electoral law. My thesis will analyze the electoral systems in MENA region by identifying three case studies: Morocco, Jordan and Algeria. My aim is to study the development of electoral systems in those three countries; the reason behind choosing those three countries has to do with their similarities. All of those countries are newly-formed democracies that gained their independence or emerged as a state in the second half of the twentieth century: Jordan in 1946, Morocco in 1956 and Algeria in 1962. All those three countries share geographic, linguistics and religious similarities. According to the findings of Freedom Houses Freedom in the World 2009 Survey, the only free country in the MENA is Israel, while only 6 countries are qualified as partly free: Morocco, Jordan, Kuwait, Bahrain, Lebanon and Yemen and the rest of the MENA is classified as not free. Another index that ranks countries in terms of their democracy is the Economist Index of Democracy which ranked Jordan, Morocco and Algeria a s authoritarian regimes. Based on these indexes, I chose two monarchies: Morocco and Jordan and adding one republic: Algeria. On top of that, while Morocco and Jordan share the same political regime, Morocco and Jordan share the same voting system. I want to prove that the lack of democracy in MENA is not due to cultural, religious or colonial history but rather to the manipulation of the electoral system to prevent a certain group from gaining majority, this manipulation is driven by the fear from the rise of the opposition such as the leftist and Islamist parties. My hypothesis is that the lack of democracy is not only due to the falsification of the election results but also by the manipulation of electoral systems. Therefore, even if the elections are organized in a free and fair environment with the presence of international observers, the electoral system used will prevent a group from attaining a majority. This hypothesis will back up my second hypothesis regarding the concentration of the pro-regime parties-vote in rural areas. The second aim of my thesis is to find the rationale behind the selection of a particular election mode by those three countries and the reasons behind its change, in addition to analyzing the di fferent amendments passed to the electoral system and reforms that are pressed for? Finally, my thesis will compare between the three countries to find if there are similarities in terms laws that fragment or exclude the opposition, the geographical concentration of the vote, the election results in terms of winners and losers, the turnout, the categorization of parties. The electoral system used in both Morocco and Algeria is PR (Proportional representation) while the SNTV is used in Jordan. The chart below identifies the different components of the electoral system of each country: Morocco Jordan Algeria Electoral System Plurality PR in 1997 Block Vote inherited from Britain SNTV in 1993 by a royal decree Absolute Majority Run-off in 1999 PR in 1997 Threshold 2% in 2002 6% in 2007 N/A 7% in 1997 5% in 2007 Quotas 10% women: 30 seats 6 seats for women, 9 for Christians, and 3 for the Circassian and Chechen minorities. Turnout (Latest Legislative Election) 2007 election 37% 2007 election 54% -80% in rural areas and 28% in some constituencies in the capital 2007 election 35% Invalid vote and blank vote 2007 election 19% 2007 election 15% Parliamentary System Bicameral: -The Chamber of Counselors: 270 seats. -The Chamber of Representatives: 325 seats. Bicameral: -The Assembly of Senators: 55 seats -The Chamber of Deputies: 80 seats Bicameral: -The Council of the nation: 144 members, 96 members elected by communal councils and 48 members appointed by the president. -The National Peoples Assembly: 380 seats. Political System Monarchy Monarchy Republic System of Counting the Votes Largest Remainder N/A Hare Formula Electoral Districts 2007: 95 2007: 45 districts -3 closed tribal electoral districts. 2010: 45 districts divided into 108 sub-districts 1997: 56 electoral districts : 48 and 8 for the Algerian Diaspora District magnitude Between 1 and 5 1 Ballot structure Nominal/categorical Nominal/categorical Reforms of the electoral law -2009: law number 9: from 110 to 120 Addition of sub-districts Constitution -1962 -1970 -1972 -1980: article 21, 43 and 95 -1992: increasing the seats of the parliament from 306 to 333 -1996: bicameral systems, 162 seats for the upper house indirectly elected, 81 by chambers of commerce and 27 by trade unions The 325 for the lower house directly elected. -1952 -1963: single party system -1976: socialism -1986: free market reforms -1989: multi party system -1996: banning parties formed under religious, regional or linguistic crtieria -12 November 2008: article 74 amendment and giving more rights to women Political parties categorization -Pro-palace: RNI, MP and UC -Conservative: PI -Leftist: USFP and PPS -Islamist: PJD -right: -Leftist: JCP -Islamist: IAF and MCP Pro-regime: FLN and NRD -Right: FNA -Leftist: PT and FFS -Islamist: MSP and MRI Voting Day Friday Tuesday Thursday Voting list closed N/A Closed Electoral reform asked for -Rising the threshold -changing the highest remainder formula -two systems: plurality in rural areas and PR in urban areas -PR -Mixed system: 2 votes one for the district and one for the bloc Number of independents -2002 -2007 -2003 -2007 -2010 -2002 -2010 Women representation in the lower house -34/10.5% (2007) -13/ 10.8% (2010) -30/ 7.7% (2007) By-elections The DesignMethods and Procedures   -Analyze the recent legislative election results of Morocco, Jordan and Algeria in 2002 and 2007. -Identify electoral systems as the independent variable while the outcomes are the dependent variables in addition to using correlation analysis to see if there is a relationship between those two variables. This will be helpful in testing the theory that PR systems produce fragmented governments and plurality systems produce strong governments. -Since my data is mostly qualitative, I will use nominal level of measurement. -do a simulation of the three recent elections using different electoral systems -count the wasted vote Hypotheses Voting systems are manipulated to produce fragmented government Votes supporting pro-regime parties are geographically concentrated in rural areas in contrast to the opposition which is based in urban areas Research Questions What are the differences and similarities between the electoral systems of Morocco, Jordan and Algeria? How representative are electoral systems in MENA? Is there a relationship between government type and electoral system? Is there a relationship between the electoral system and the turnout? Is there a relationship between the electoral system and the number of parties? Can we make some conclusions based on the case studies and apply them to all Arab countries? What is the electoral system that best suits the region of MENA? How is the dilemma of Strong and Well-represented government dealt with? Why is the lower turnout and invalid vote prominent in urban areas in contrast with rural areas? Partition of Thesis My thesis will be divided into five chapters; the first one will be about an introduction about the electoral systems and their importance in sustaining democracy. The second chapter will be devoted to the electoral systems in Morocco and the analysis of its recent legislative election in 2007. The third chapter will include the analysis of Jordans electoral system and its recent legislative election in 2007 and 2010. The fourth chapter is devoted to the electoral system in Algeria and its recent 2007 legislative election. The fifth chapter will serve to connect the three case studies by comparing their similarities and differences and making some concluding statements on the relationship between the type of electoral system, government type and democracy. Data Collection Primary Data Sources: The constitution, electoral law and the amendments passed in the three countries. The Moroccan and Algerian 2007 legislative election results and the Jordanian 2007 and 2010 legislative election results Geographical maps of the elections results Secondary Data Sources Interviews with some political parties in Morocco -analysis of interviews conducted with politi

Charles Darwin’s Theory Essay

Charles Darwin contributed to the field of evolutionary biology were: non-constancy of species, branching evolution, occurrence of gradual change in species, and natural selection. Each of his contribution became the foundation of evolutionary biology and can be seen in the wild very commonly. Non-constancy can be observed though variation in the offspring. For example, different sized beaks in finches display variation in the species and therefore, non-constancy. This can cause change in the gene pool of a species over time. Many evidence of branching evolution can be seen in the anatomy of different species like homologies and vestigial structures. In whales, the hip bones are similar to humans which indicates the common ancestry between the two species. Gradual change is displayed by the fossil records of many species. Older fossil records have some small differences from the newer fossil records which can be used to prove gradual change in species over time. These changes occur due to mutation and are picked out by the natural selection. These mutations accumulate over time and cause the species to look drastically different after many decades. Natural Selection picks out individuals better suited for the environment and allows them to reproduce and pass on their gene while unsuited individuals die without passing on their gene. Natural selection occurs every time a predator feeds on the weakest, slowest, worst camaflouged, or most un-adapted prey. This allows the gene pool of the species to evolve and shed off undesired genes. Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium assumes that the allele frequency stays constant over time. The equation presumes there is no genetic flow, no mutation, no natural selection, random mating, and a large population. Hardy-Weinberg equation is used as a null hypothesis to determine if evolution is occurring in the species. Punctuated Equilibrium shows a sudden change in a species gene pool usually due to an environmental disaster after a long period of no change in the gene pool. This idea is demonstrated by the rise of mammals and the downfall of reptiles and other organisms. References: Campbell, Neil, and Reece, Jane. AP EDITION BIOLOGY. San Francisco: Pearson, 2005.

Virtual War Video Games

Video games are the most popular forms of entertainment among children, adolescents, and young adults. Many video games are extremely violent and expose the Young to violence on a constant basis. In particular, young men are a preferred target of advertisement from game manufacturers for war theme games. These games are either first person shooters or third person play. In a first person shooter game, the player is holding the gun whereas in third person games, the player is represented by a character within the game play.These games, especially first person shooters, are designed to give a rush to the players by stimulating their primal reactions and with more reasonable games, a need to prove their ‘manhood’. In addition, extreme exposure to video game and TV violence has a tendency to desensitize people, especially immature minds who may not be able to connect to what is really happening in front of them on the TV screen and, at the same time, clearly distinguish virt ual fiction from reality.  (King, Krzywinska, 124)The scope of this paper is to explore the idea that young men may join the Army for other reasons than to go to college. In essence, they join the Army with the idea that they will ‘kick butts’, just like in their favorite war video games without realizing that they have signed up to be in the middle of the nightmarish realities of war: suffering and death. Since the invasion of Iraq in March 2003, the news media have been showing images of war: explosions, soldiers running down what used to be streets while dodging bullets, showing these images to saturation.The saturation seems to come from a fascination with death and how cameras can immortalize the image. (Sontag, 59) The audience is curious to know what it is like to be there, perhaps, there is a clear morbidity in the obsession of watching violence and ‘how war works. ’ Besides, the Iraq war is ambivalent because most soldiers who are sent do not und erstand why they are really there. Back during the Vietnam War, young soldiers seemed to have been better conscious, in the sense of understanding, of the cause they were fighting for.After listening to Vietnam veterans, people may somewhat realize how traumatic their experience was but until people are in the nightmare of war, they will not fully grasp the horror because if you were in it once, you never forget for the rest of your life. Still, people get the idea that war is gruesome but they do not live it. Besides, wars are never simple even though it is portrayed that way by politicians whose primary interests may have nothing to do with the interests of the people and the soldiers, dying for their cause!Einstein his 1932 letter to Freud states: â€Å"Political leaders or governments owe their power either to the use of force or to their election by the masses. They cannot be regarded as representative of the superior moral or intellectual elements in a nation. In our time, th e intellectual elite do not exercise any direct influence on the history of the world. † Vietnam veterans will tell you the pain and the level of panic, stress, disgust, and dread there was to be there, in the middle of insanity!Grossman in his book On Killing, talks about the psychological impact of combat and how devastating it is because the soldier is forced to be in an unnatural situation in which he or she must kill the enemy and survive at the same time. (Grossman, 36) Yet, war is still portrayed as glorious and as a beautiful sacrifice of life for one’s country. This picture is probably true for a well-informed mature person who can sign up with the Army, making a conscious decision that he or she will be severely tested and that he or she may very well kill others and be killed themselves.However, nowadays with the Iraq war dragging as well as many soldiers dying, recruitment efforts have increased, particularly in poor neighborhoods. After speaking with a tota l of 15 African-American young men from different areas, it is obvious that all of them they felt especially targeted by Army recruiters. Five of them actually said that the recruiters claimed that as recruits, they could do whatever they wanted like joining their corps music band if they were inclined to play music.Two particular African-American men confirmed these statements and said that in their case, the recruiters told them how famous Black basket ball players had joined the Army. Another young man â€Å"Mike† described how two Marine recruiters tried to get him by using the fact that he was good at playing video games: â€Å"No problem, man. It’s like in the video games†¦Hey, you played ‘Call of Duty’, ‘SOCOM 3’? †¦ How about ‘Doom’? Awesome†¦ Hey, you’d be right there with the rest of us. † The remainder of the group said that they had at least one family member in the Army and that they did n ot want to join because they knew what the Army was all about.In order to enlist young men, the reality of war has been more and more hidden from the recruits to get them to sign up to go fighting in Iraq. Moreover, the Army has made a significant effort to blend reality with fiction to get young men to sign up using TV advertisements that are aired: it is a brilliant use of the psychological impact of TV and advertising; the reality is completely absent and replaced with proud looking and competent looking young people in charge of complicated ‘stuff’ coupled with computer animation worthy of â€Å"Apocalypse Now† and strangely resembling the look, style, and feel of war video games.In addition, it is not a coincidence that these ads air at the same time than popular TV action shows. For example, the Air Force has made use of the science-fiction show â€Å"Stargate-SG-1† to promote joining their corps. The main characters of the series are Air Force offic ers who have wonderful, exciting adventures on exotic planets, far, far away on the other side of the galaxy. Obviously, the basic goal is to offer young men an opportunity for 30 seconds to imagine themselves as proud competent young people playing with ‘stuff’, looking good, being well-educated and well-paid.Little do they realize what they are in for once they sign up because they just cannot walk away and say ‘I don’t want to do this anymore’ whereas in a video game, they push the off button and everything goes away. So, the psychological appeal is double. The message from these televised ads says: ‘you will be successful in the Army (‘Be All That You Can Be in the Army’) and you will if you join. Plus, the Army is about adventure and action just like the video games you like to play. ’ Video games have a very tight grip on young people, especially teenagers and young adults: you can see that clearly when you visit video games arcades.Many video games particularly target young men, especially the violent ones. Young women who play video games may prefer pure adventure or funny games. Violent games are prevalent and popular. The more violent and gory, the better is the motto. King & Krzywinska mention that the extent of obstacles to which a player is confronted to save his character from dying is correlated to the extent of violence to do so. (King, Krzywinska, 162) The resulting intensity is addictive while the violence seems to be connected to the idea of prompt retaliation for actions perceived as threatening by the character/player.Prompt retaliation is often displayed by people who have not attained an emotional maturity such as adolescents and young males. The action intensity of some games is so high that the players surrender to â€Å"frenetic paroxysm elements. †(King, Krzywinska, 162) Interestingly, assaults in the real world tend to result in a total state of primitive adrenaline-d riven fight or flight in the violent offenders, bypassing the cerebral rationality area of the brain. Grossman specifies that in a combat situation, the soldier will display â€Å"tunnel vision† meaning that the enemy soldier looks closer and more dangerous.(Grossman, 97) In addition, killing may cause an exulting effect on the combatant. The reason is that killing in war is the initiation of the power of sparing lives and killing others weaker than him. In fact, certain veterans confided that holding a gun or a machine gun was â€Å"a magic sword or even Excalibur. † (Bourke, 4) Bourke quotes the part of a letter from a soldier telling his family how he enjoys fighting exercises (Bourke, 58): â€Å"Today we had our first bayonet class – it is quite a weapon – we all left the field thirstier than hell – all of us had the same idea, likea child with a new toy, to try it. That is the way we were all growing to feel about combat in general – w e want a taste of it. † It is disturbing to realize after reading these words that the man in question is so excited by the idea of using a weapon, like a new toy. In a strange way, it parallels what war video games have become for adolescents and young men today. They can play war safely at home, enjoying the excitement that seems to exist in combat. In addition, video games can transform the player into a ‘real’ hero just like on TV or in a film.One real hero of the Vietnam War was Sgt. Benavidez who had distinguished himself jumping from a helicopter running quickly, dodging bullets until he got hit in his right leg, face, and head. Despite his injuries, he continued his mission, which was to rescue a few other comrades of arms. He carried  ½ of the team on his back to the aircraft while again dodging bullets. Since the team was involved in a secret mission, the documents had to be retrieved. Benavidez rushed back, still gravely injured, to pick up the dead b ody of the team leader and retrieve the classified documents.As he reached the body, he got hit again, this time by a bullet in his abdomen and shrapnel from a grenade in the back. Unfortunately, the pilot of the helicopter had been hit and died on the spot as the helicopter crashed to the ground. Benavidez took the documents, went crawling back to the aircraft, helped the wounded out of the wreckage, and organized them into a defense perimeter. Then, he proceeded to distribute rations and water, still under enemy fire while injured! As if that was not enough, he called and directed air strikes to dampen enemy fire and call for another rescue.Incredibly, he received another bullet in the thigh while he was administering first aid to a wounded member of his team. A second helicopter landed and Sgt. Benavidez again transported his wounded team members to the aircraft. During a second trip, an enemy soldier ran after him and clubbed him on the head. Hand to hand combat ensued with Bena videz killing the enemy after having received more wounds to the head and arms. That was not the end. Two enemy soldiers ran, approaching the aircraft from an angle that the gunner could not reach.Benavidez killed these two men as well, subsequently returning to the perimeter to make sure all the documents had been taken and to get the last wounded men out. After the war, Sgt. Benavidez received numerous medals for his bravery, which was qualified as being of the highest traditions of the military service. (Leonard, 67-69) This account is truly extraordinary and is worthy of the greatest war legends passed down in many cultures, including our own. This is the story of all the heroes in Hollywood movies that make young men dream that they could be like that, not only admired for their bravery but famous and legendary as well.In effect, Sgt. Benavidez is a bona fide model of courage and altruism. Still, are these concepts familiar to these young men involved in their video game world? Bernard et al. mentions the idea of human motivation; the motivation of sacrifice for an ideal. (Bernard, Mills, Swenson, Walsh, 40) Sacrifice for an ideal belongs to the real world, not video games; many of these young players would never be able to do what Benavidez did in the real world because of their lack of understanding of what sacrifice and altruism are.Still, they can pretend to be sacrificing and altruistic in any war video game; not only do they get a high score for their bravery in the virtual world that looks so real but they get to live another day without worrying about their health or the effects of these virtual bullets on their body. At the end of the challenge, they just swallow a few ‘magic pills’ and they are good as new! They can either continue the carnage or turn the game off and watch TV some more. Did they really experiment the reality of war?The video game only gives the player the enjoyment and excitement that soldiers may feel, the proverb ial rush that soldiers tell about when going to combat. Yet, war is more than that. For example, can they really kill another man if they were fighting as soldiers? Can they empathize with the plight of the victims, innocent men, women, and children? Could these young men stand killing innocent women and children or sustain their looks of misery? How about peer pressure about torturing and killing prisoners?How about hand-to-hand combat with someone they do not know, realizing that this is the part when the enemy is killed right there by their own hands, not by a machine gun far away? Where is the video game for that part of the war? Young men are being enlisted not knowing what is in store for them. All they know is that it will be awesome, exciting and fun to go to war and kill people. These tendencies have been especially exemplified by the Iraq war. This war comes at a time when virtual reality is so prevalent among adolescents and young men and women.The Washington Post publish ed a story back in February 2006 about video games and how they are used by the military to train soldiers. The military uses these training techniques all the time according to the article. It even has helped design video games: â€Å"Full Spectrum Warrior is one of them. The weapons used in video games are exact replicas of existing weapons. One of the interviewed soldiers in the article relates that when he had to kill a human enemy for the first time, â€Å"it did not even faze me† he said. â€Å"It felt like I was in a big video game† he added. Playstations and Xboxes were found everywhere in the soldiers’ barracks.The comments of the Pentagon computer simulation officer in charge were that video games have revolutionized the way soldiers are trained. Adding on the experience of the soldier who was mentioned above, he stated that when it came time to fire his weapon, he was ready for it, he did not hesitate in fact because he had done it so many times befo re in the video games. In addition, a high ranking officer confirmed that the soldiers are not as inhibited to kill as previous generations who did not have video games. The officer asserted that video games provide â€Å"a better foundation to work with† in order to teach killing other human beings.In fact, the U. S. Army set up a game online â€Å"America’s Army† that is used as a recruiting tool. (Vargas, 1) The young men who were interviewed in the Washington Post did not seem psychologically affected by what they did. In fact, they gave the impression that they are completely detached from the situations they encountered when they had to kill. Still, some soldiers cannot live with the fact that they killed a human being. The realization or the enormity of the act may come quickly or later, depending on the person. In previous wars, it had a tendency to come quickly.Siegried Sasson in Pat Barker’s Regeneration, was a well-known decorated war hero in B ritain. In 1917, he decided to refuse returning to the battlefield because he felt strongly that the war was a useless slaughter. His conscience was strongly affected by the war and the cruelty displayed while defending the trenches. As a result, he was so misunderstood that he was thought to be mentally ill. His ‘diagnosis’ was determined to be shell shock. The reasoning was that everyone should want to go to war and kill enemies. So, if someone did not want to, there had to be something wrong with them.Consequently, he was sent to a mental hospital where he was taken care of by Dr. Rivers whose goal was to send him back to combat. Siegfried was a poet, not a soldier. He was not ‘equipped’ emotionally to deal with killing human beings. Yet, there was so much peer pressure to conform that it took strength and resolve to stand up and refuse to go back to the field. Tragically, he was looked upon as a threat to the morale of the troops. (Barker, 4) In fact, t his is what happens to conscientious objectors who are jailed for refusing to fight.Shell shock was a very serious psychological problem for soldiers coming back from the trenches during WWI. The psychological traumatic experiences gave these men hallucinations and nightmares while causing several physical symptoms: vomiting, diarrhea, nausea, and headaches. Other symptoms were materialized as muteness, inability to walk, and other strange effects. Trauma in war is also seen today and it is as shocking as before. The situation, however, is different. Before the age of the video games, soldiers had to acclimate without having ever been in the situation of killing another man.Ironically, today this is no longer the case. As admitted in the Washington Post article, the games teach to kill. Curiously, there are still young men who cannot kill, even after having done it hundreds of time in the virtual world. This was particularly evident when the young soldiers in Iraq commented on the h orror they saw: people dead, children dead, and blood everywhere. These men realized that they were forced to kill innocent men, women, children that were not mere characters of videogames. Grossman commented in his book On Killing that the Army teaches killing but does not teach their soldiers to deal with killing a man.(Grossman, 97) Killing is real and the trauma resulting from this act will haunt many soldiers after they return to their homes. Shell shock is equivalent to what is called PTSD today (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder). In July 2004, it was reported that the number of suicides had clearly gone up among soldiers in Iraq as well as severe psychiatric disorders. The Army had not addressed this problem early enough and discovered it then. Back in 2004, seventeen percent of soldiers were assessed to be suffering traumatic stress, depression or anxiety and were deemed to be â€Å"functionally impaired.† Of that group, about three-quarters said they had received no he lp at any time in Iraq from a mental health professional, a doctor or a chaplain. (Holloway, 36) Iraq has been the latest examples of prisoner abuses and indiscriminate attacks during bombardments. Unfortunately, soldiers assaulted men and women while their houses were searched for traces of insurgents. These events clearly violated the Geneva Conventions on Human Rights during conflicts. (Protocol I, Art. 77, sec. 1; Protocol I, Art. 75; Protocol I, Art. 51, sec. 5a & 5 b; Protocol I, Art.48) It is foolish to think that soldiers in combat, with their brain stuck in primal instinct modes and having no rationality capacities left, can reflect on the fact that they should follow the Geneva Protocols of Human Rights. Only after they are done with fighting can they reflect on what they have done: there is no video game in the world that will be able to erase the committed deeds of the soldier who is ordered to kill. In the end, one can ponder over the U. S. Army and the morality of its commanders that allows the comfortable idea to use video games and entertainment as ways to teach killing.The disillusion of the soldiers after combat is that they must kill others, they must see suffering, and they cannot turn it off. The virtual reality used to portray war is false; the only grounds of these games are the weapons, uniforms, and environments as replicas of reality. However, this is just superficial whereas pain is real. Conclusion The reality of war is death and suffering. The role of video games has been hijacked to promote war, violence, and easy killing ‘skills’ promoted by the U. S. Army’s use of these games and clever ad campaigns to get recruits.Even though there may always be the ‘tough guys’ who are not bothered by killing, it is still disturbing to see that many young men are not bothered by killing based on the fact that they seem unable to make the difference between the real world and virtual reality. However, the Ã¢â‚¬Ë œsensitive types’ will always exist too. They are the ones who suffer the most since their world of illusion created by the video games is destroyed when they realize the reality of war, which is killing and destroying while causing pain and misery to innocent people. Their illusions of patriotic glory and excitement are shattered forever.

Zora Neale Hurston Quotes

Zora Neale Hurston Quotes Zora Neale Hurston was a folklorist and writer. She was part of the Harlem Renaissance, but she never quite fit into the black writer stereotype and was too black for white audiences, so her work fell into obscurity. She wrote such classics as Their Eyes Were Watching God, and How it Feels to Be Colored Me Alice Walker led a revival of Zora Neale Hurston popularity beginning in the 1970s, and Zora Neale Hurston is now considered among the classic American writers of the 20th century. Selected Zora Neale Hurston Quotations I want a busy life, a just mind, and a timely death.Through it all, I remain myself.Mama exhorted her children at every opportunity to jump at de sun. We might not land on the sun, but at least we would get off the ground.No man may make another free.Grab the broom of anger and drive off the beast of fear.Learning without wisdom is a load of books on a donkeys back.No matter how far a person can go the horizon is still way beyond you.If you are silent about your pain, they’ll kill you and say you enjoyed it.It is hard to apply oneself to study when there is no money to pay for food and lodging. I almost never explain these things when folks are asking me why I dont do this or that.Sometimes I feel discriminated against, but it does not make me angry. It merely astonishes me. How can any deny themselves the pleasure of my company? Its beyond me.There is nothing to make you like other human beings so much as doing things for them.It seems to me that trying to live without friend s is like milking a bear to get cream for your morning coffee. It is a whole lot of trouble, and then not worth much after you get it. Happiness is nothing but everyday living seen through a veil.Life is the flower for which love is the honey.Love, I find, is like singing. Everybody can do enough to satisfy themselves, though it may not impress the neighbors as being very much.Love makes your soul crawl out from its hiding place.There are years that ask questions and years that answer.When one is too old for love, one finds great comfort in good dinners.Ships at a distance have every mans wish on board. For some they come in with the tide. For others they sail forever on the horizon, never out of sight, never landing, until the Watcher turns his eyes away in resignation, his dreams mocked to death by Time. That is the life of men. Now, women forget all those things they dont want to remember, and remember everything they dont want to forget. The dream is the truth. They then act and do things accordingly.Those that dont got it, cant show it. Those that got it, cant hide it.I belong to no race nor time. I am the eter nal feminine with its string of beads. I am not tragically colored. There is no great sorrow dammed up in my soul, nor lurking behind my eyes. I do not mind at all.I am colored but I offer nothing in the way of extenuating circumstances except the fact that I am the only Negro in the United States whose grandfather on the mothers side was not an Indian chief.Maybe some of the details of my birth as told me might be a little inaccurate, but it is pretty well established that I really did get born.Someone is always at my elbow reminding me that I am the granddaughter of slaves. It fails to register depression with me.I feel most colored when I am thrown against a sharp white background.The present was an egg laid by the past that had the future inside its shell.Research is formalized curiosity. It is poking and prying with a purpose. It is a seeking that he who wishes may know the cosmic secrets of the world and they that dwell therein.Once you wake up thought in a man, you can never put it to sleep again.My eyes and my min d keep taking me where my old legs cant keep up. There is something about poverty that smells like death. Dead dreams dropping off the heart like leaves in a dry season and rotting around the feet.Jamaica is the land where the rooster lays an egg.I have been in Sorrows kitchen and licked out all the pots. Then I have stood on the peaky mountain wrapped in rainbows, with a harp and a sword in my hands.It is quite exciting to hold the center of the national stage, with the spectators not knowing whether to laugh or to weep.I love myself when I am laughing. And then again when I am looking mean and impressive.

my ride on a speedboat in the Atlantic Ocean. Essays

my ride on a speedboat in the Atlantic Ocean. Essays my ride on a speedboat in the Atlantic Ocean. Essay my ride on a speedboat in the Atlantic Ocean. Essay Name: Tutor: Course: Date: Description A descriptive essay is one that provides extensive details on the described subject helping the reader to create a mental picture of it. In this descriptive essay, I will describe my ride on a speedboat in the Atlantic Ocean. The trip was spectacular, and land seemed much more beautiful and green from the distance on the speedboat in comparison with the blue ocean. The sky was clear and bright making the ocean even more beautiful. The speedboat, which was white in color, was moving at a high speed leaving a rough water trail on the smooth surface of the ocean. It left waves that would disappear into the distance as we sped. I could feel the boat tilt at the front due to the resistance of the water mass to its high velocity. The breeze blowing on my face was cool despite the hot air at the beach. I had to wear my sunglasses to cover my eyes due to the high speed that caused turbulence in the air. It was, however, welcome as the smell of the breeze was fresh and different from the smell of polluted air on land. The trip made me realize that there were many wonders to be experienced as I felt like I was in a completely different place, and realized how little I appreciated the joys that the world had to offer. The difference between the smooth ocean and the turbulence created by the speedboat made me think of how people go through their lives at a fast pace, failing to appreciate the joys that life has to offer. Narration A narrative gives an account of connected events, which may be in written or spoken form. Narratives can be differentiated into categories such as non-fictional and fictional accounts of real historical events such as myths and legends. The following narrative falls under the fictional category of legends. It is an account of the legend Robin Hood. Robin Hood is a character who is part of the English folklore and is famous for his reputation of stealing from the rich and giving to the poor in accompaniment to his group of â€Å"Merry Men† (Lee et al. 2009). He was a great swordsman, archer and had exceptional skills in combat. Folklore portrays him and his gang as those living in Sherwood Forest where most of the early form of poetry took place, while other versions of literature claim that he hailed from Yorkshire. Most versions of this folklore present him as an individual who was neither a knight nor a peasant, but his character was in between the two personalities. He was famous for fearlessly fighting injustices against the poor. His life is shown as that full of adventure. In the woods of Sherwood Forest, he would poach the king’s deer, which was an illegal act. The legend of Robin Hood has been told for over six hundred years and has undergone different variations according to the location and the culture of the people telling the story. This can be attributed to the fact that during his time little was documented about his escapades leaving his story open for speculation. It is, therefore, difficult to determine the parts of the folklore that are true and which are fiction. Most of what is known of Robin Hood is from ballads such as Robin and the Knight, Robin and the Potter, Robin Hood and the Monk, Robin and the Curtal Friar, Robin and the Silver Arrow and The Death of Robin Hood (Lee et al. 2009). Exemplification An exemplification essay is one where one tries to explain something that is generalized to the reader by providing many examples to support his/her argument. In my exemplification essay, I will show that contrary to popular belief, the best cheap things in life end up being expensive in the long run. Most people in life love freebies, and previously, I would agree that there is more joy in using something that one has not paid for or worked hard to obtain. However, I came to learn the hard way that free things end up being far more expensive than earlier anticipated. For instance, there was an occasion in which my computer antivirus expired, and I decided to go the cheap way and download a free antivirus from the Internet. The antivirus software was supposed to protect my computer from viruses and intrusion for at least six months. However, within two weeks my computer had crashed, shutting down completely. I had to take it to a computer specialist to fix the problem. Clearly, the antivirus had not done its work and fixing the problem cost me a greater amount than purchasing a trusted antivirus would have. Most goods of higher quality are usually more expensive than other low quality goods. For example, when it comes to shoes, those made of leather are much more expensive than the rest. Due to their high quality they last longer than the others, proving to be more efficient in the end. This also applies to engine oil. Using higher quality engine oil will ensure that the vehicle’s engine requires less check-up, as a result, saving on maintenance costs. It is, therefore, true that cheap is expensive. Process A process essay is one that provides a step-by-step explanation of a task or an event. By following a process, the reader should be able to complete the task by following the steps indicated. In this essay, I will describe the process of growing radish. Radishes are fast maturing vegetables and are used in soups and salads (Planet Natural). The steps followed in growing them are as follows: The first step should be deciding the variety that one intends to plant The second step is the selection of a suitable site and land preparation. The third step will be to schedule the planting season as they flourish well in cool weathers. The planting depth should be determined and the seeds planted at the appropriate depth. The fifth step will be constantly watering the radish to ensure that grow fast and do not dry up. The sixth step is harvesting the radish, observing the correct procedure to prevent any damage. The last step cleaning and storing the radish after harvest. Work Cited Lee, Tony; Hart, Sam and Fujita, Artur, â€Å"Outlaw: the Legend of Robin Hood†, Candlewick, 2009. Print. Planet Natural, â€Å"Growing Radish†. 2012. Web. 29 May 2013.