A Good Citizen

A good citizen needs to imbibe many qualities. That he has some duties and responsibilities to bear is true, but at same time, he enjoys some rights and privileges as a citizen of a free state. While he has every right to participate in the judicial, legal politics, religious and social affairs of the nation, he has also some responsibilities i. e. not to injure the sentiments of others and to protect the weak against the strong. To stand by the state, under all conditions, is his first and foremost duty. A good citizen must be ready to sacrifice his everything for the sake of his motherland.He is also required to be a patriot and nationalist. He should have firm and deep faith in the welfare of his motherland. He has to obey law and order. But he has also to keep in his heart the betterment of the country, the good of society and the interest of the nation. A good citizen must respect the cultural heritage of his country, i. e. he will have to respect the heroes, ‘the prophet, the sages and saints of his country. He must respect the race which has given birth to him. He must always keep in mind the future of his country. He must attempt to raise the standard of living of his country by working honestly.At an event of aggression or foreign attack, he must be ready to shed his blood for the sake of his motherland. Thus, defense of the country is the supreme duty of a good citizen. Unity of the nations should be his topmost priority. He should work for the unity of the country. A Goodwill for other races, protection to the weak, help to the victims, sympathetic and kind consideration to his fellow citizens are things that are needed in good citizen. A good citizen should have a spirit of cooperation, friendliness, humanity, dedication, devotion for his fellow citizens.He must respect other faiths. He must not do anything which brings disgrace to his society or to his country. Greatest good of greatest number should be his principle. All these good and great qualities, if possessed, make one a good citizen. We are all citizens of one country or the other. We acquire citizenship of our country generally by virtue of our birth. But to be a good citizen requires a lot of training and understanding. As the subject of a country, every citizen has some duties and he enjoys at the same time certain rights.All of us have a right to take part in the legislative as well as judicial activities of this country and can give free expression to our views and opinions from the platform and through the press. A good citizen, therefore, is one who is always broad minded. He must, if living in India, consider himself an Indian first and anything else afterwards. He is ready even to shed his blood for the honour and glory of his country. A good citizen has the good of his country at heart. To raise his country to a higher level of civilization must be his aim.He must not forget that the future, no less than the present, is always lined with the past. A go od citizen must keep the welfare of his town or city or village foremost in his mind at the time of elections. He should understand the existing educational and other institutions of his country and make efforts to bring about desirable improvements. He must love his neighbours. He must be sympathetic, broad-minded and generous. â€Å"In this way, a good citizen should always be ready to forget and forgive. In a word, he should be a perfect gentleman. †

Eating habit Essay

Abstract This report investigates eating habits among students according to their first meal of the day, plant food intake and amount of junk food they eat. This research was carried out through a questionnaire containing 11 questions related to all the sub-topics mentioned above. The sample was 30 students, males and females from different countries. Content 1. Introduction 1.1 Background 1.2 Scope 1.3 Aim 1.4 Hypothesis 2. Methodology 3. Results 4. Conclusion 5. Recommendation 6. Bibliography 7. Appendix 1 Introduction Nowadays, eating healthily has been a significant factor in society due to the health risks brought about by modern society such as obesity, heart disease, high blood pressure-which has always been an issue-no healthy breakfast, lack of fruit and vegetable, eating junk food. Related to main and secondary research, this report will whether students eat healthily or  not. 1.1 Background A survey showed that regular breakfast eaters were more likely to take vitamin or mineral supplements on the day they skipped breakfast. In Australia, less than 10% of adults eat a cooked breakfast, the typical breakfast is based on cereal, bread, milk and fruit (including juice). Furthermore, women were more likely to eat fruit and less likely to eat sugar and honey than men. (Williams.P.G., 2002) Plant food (vegetable and fruit) now are being recognised by more and more health experts as providing important health benefit, including decreased risk of disease such as heart disease, many kinds of cancers and type-2 diabetes. However, the consumption of plant food in many developed countries including Australia, does not meet recommended levels (Lea, Crawford & Worsley, 2006). In term of junk food, which is considered as energy-dense, nutrient-poor food, it not only threatens health but its saturated fat and sugar can also impair one’s memory (Study finds junk food threatens no t just health but also memory, 2013).Today a lot of advertisements about junk food can be seen on TV. A survey of more than 12,000 teenagers has found that the greater the exposure to advertisements for unhealthy food, the more teens asked for and bought it (fast food ads influence teens eating habits, 2011). 1.2 Scope This report is focused on three aspects of the extensive topic â€Å"Are students eating healthily?† The aspects are 1.Eating breakfast, 2.vegetableand fruit in their diet, 3.Junk food (fast food, food with high energy and fat, sugary sodas). Besides, the sample of the research is only 30 people. This is because of time li of students. 1.3 Aim The aim of this report is to find out whether students eat healthily based on their first meal of the day and their daily food choice, which can be described in terms of whether they have healthy breakfast, the mount of vegetable and fruit they eat, and frequency of eating junk food. 1.4 Hypothesis This report predicts that students don’t have healthy eating  habits as the general Australian population. Regarding breakfast, it is believed that most students don’t have healthy breakfast, as they spend a lot of time coming to school. When it comes to food choice, students don’t eat enough fruits and vegetables, but eat too much fast food or sugary sodas. 2 Methodology The way this research project was carried out by a survey. This survey consists of 11 questions and the sample is 30 people who are student from different classes and different nationalities such as Chinese, Vietnamese and Indian. There were totally 21 male and 9 females. 3 Results The aim of the report is to find out whether student eat healthily in term of 1.breakfast, 2.plant food (fruits and vegetables), 3.junk food. 6 Bibliography Fast Food (2011, November 19) .Fast food adds influence teens eating habits, survey finds. Herald Sun. Retrieved from http://www.heraldsun.com.au/archive/news/fast-food-ads-influence-teens-eating-habits-survey-finds/story-fn7x8me2-1226199423435 Lea, EJ., Crawford, D., Worsley, A.(2006).Consumers’ readiness to eat a plant-based diet. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 60, 342–351. William,P.G. (2002).What Australians eat for breakfast: an analysis of data from the 1995 National Nutrition Survey. Australia: Blackwell Study Finds (2013, December 17). Study Finds Junk Food Threatens Not Just Health But Also Memory, International Business Times. Retrieved from http://web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=5&sid=e38e5356-7a0b-4d8b-87d3-0edc8b074e1c%40sessionmgr110&hid=128&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=bwh&AN=530723.20131217

Fast Food Nation Essay

One thing that most people don’t seem to understand about fast food restaurants is the harmful and unethical practice that comes with an order of a double cheeseburger with a side order of medium fries and a drink. Eric Schlosser, the author of â€Å"Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal,† had made several negative interpretation about the functionality of fast food corporation. Such interpretation can be in relations of what a typical Marxist would complain about, such as the fact that fast food corporation tends to do whatever means possible to reach the end of making a substantial amount of profit. In â€Å"Fast Food Nations: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal,† Schlosser targeted on the unethical practices of producing profit which includes the fabrication of sediment phrases, the systematic of mass production, and the management of poor quality with emphasis of large quantity. Some of the claims that Schlosser made can be viewed similarly to the aspects of Karl Marx and his believers, the Marxists. Many Marxists can strongly support Schlosser’s claim with a Marxist interpretation of an accusation of Capitalism. Marxist is known as a group of socialist and they believes that the government’s economy should be equally shared amongst all working classes. Without a doubt, Schlosser had exposed the fact that corporations like McDonalds, Carl’s Jr, Burger King, and so forth had made great profits from exploiting the nation’s vulnerable workers who are willing to work at any cost. These vulnerable workers can be just about anyone from teenagers to first generation immigrants. All in all, Schlosser had made a strong argument to persuade the nation from supporting profit-hungry Corporation by revealing of its unethical practices that may be a convincing factor for the nation to think twice before entering another fast food restaurant. One of the many reasons why fast food restaurants are successful is because they know how to market themselves properly with small sentimental message that appeals to the community. Sentimental message might not mean much, but when families of the community are convinced that the restaurant cares about them, they will be inclined to support their business. It’s a shame that the community does not see the irony in their sentimental messages. Example of the irony would be Mcdonalds creating the Ronald McDonald House of Charity to ask customers for additional donations, in which all proceeds of that donation will help other counties hospital. The irony of this all is that fast food is also the reason why kids are unhealthy. It is also common knowledge that fast food is the leading cause of obesity and obesity can lead to various amount of health-related problem. Another reason why fast food restaurants are successful is because fast food industries target a younger audience such as children. Their techniques on children are simple, because children love collecting toys and items that relates to cartoon figures that they are familiar with. Therefore, these corporations would purchase patents and the rights to use their cartoon figure or icon on their product, which typically sells efficiently with kids. These items are not just popular amongst the children’s age group, but â€Å"many adult collectors have also bought Teenie Beanie Baby Happy Meals, kept the dolls, and threw away the food† (Schlosser 48). These cross promotions between brands has done two things; strengthens ties between fast food industries and companies and also create an irresistible addiction between collectors and the industries. Another marketing strategy that these fast food industries utilize is to slightly modify the collectible’s colors or parts to attract customers to spend a fortunate collecting a whole set of the same kind of toys. The surface of the fast food industries may be deceiving to the general public, but it certainly is not easily deceitful to the workers who dealt with jobs within a fast food industry. While the economy continues to look like steep slide, workers are becoming more willing to work at any jobs in order to financially support their family and themselves. These very same workers that work for fast food industries, are typically teenagers or first generation immigrants because fast food industries knows that these two candidates are perfect for exploitation. Also, because they are less likely to form unions, complain about conditions, and complain about long hours. Fast food industries, like most Marxist-invaded counties, know how to exploit their workers at their fullest potential. They hire the uneducated youth with the least potential to start a union. They view workers as cheap objects that they can be hired and fired at the will of their employers. Unlike a business firm, these fast food industries rarely give raises to their employees, but instead they ould motivate their workers with encouragements or compliments. Since these workers are uneducated and don’t know their rights enough to argue, they would simply respond to their employer’s encouragement or compliment with better performances. Aside from the wages, these jobs are more than often dangerous. It is not certain whether these companies have spent enough money to properly train workers to diligently use the restaurants equipment which would prevent health inc idents and work injuries. Reasons being that these companies are profit-focused. They will try to minimize their spending as much as possible to make sure that they maximize the profit. Some of these jobs are even done by illegal immigrants or anyone desperate enough for a job at a later night shift, because it’s extremely dangerous and companies do not want to risk going into law suits or paying for higher life insurances for their workers with all means to maximize their profit. Schlosser had mentioned a story about Kenny Dobbin, as an example of a worker who was a victim of such unethical offense. Kenny was an uneducated man with no literacy skills, but was tall and strong. He was hired by Monfort, a meat-packing plant company, whom took advantage of Kenny’s kindness and abused him by placing him in dangerous working condition. After sixteen years of pure dedication, Kenny was fired because of his severe injuries from work, because the company does not want to pay for a higher insurance coverage for him. Kenny was â€Å"once strong and powerfully built, he now walks with difficulty, tires easily, and feels useless as though his life were over. He is forty-six years old† (Schlosser 190). Kenny, however, is still considered to be one of the fortunate one because he is able to get his story out unlike many other victims who weren’t able to get their stories out because they are still working with the injuries that they have attained from work. Some of the reasons that explain why they don’t complain about their injuries are because they don’t want to be fired and stress the difficulties of finding another job. These are just some of the examples of the inhumanely acts that fast food industries had commit to their workers. Workers might understand the cruelty that lies within their job, but they might not know what kind of quality the management has selected for the product that they are working with. Aside from managing workers and their wages, fast food industries also manages their food supplies to ensure the greatest amount of profit. By doing so, managements of fast food industries would choose the cheapest quality of meat that’s barely edible, refrozen fries that have been made with preservatives, and also wheat from a wheat field that have been sprayed with pesticides on a regular basis. Many fast food critics, including Schlosser, argued that fast food industries are more concern about the superficial image and the smell of the product rather than the natural healthy content of the product. Schlosser had mentioned that the â€Å"Food and Drug Administration does not require flavor companies to disclose the ingredients of their addictive, so long as all the chemicals are considered by the agency to be generally regarded as safe,† which means that the government had betrayed the consumers and had gave fast food industries the additional power to make substantial amount of profit. Most fast food restaurant took advantage of the governments’ lack of responsibility and would spend as little as possible on meat. This course of action might be good for business, but it is absolutely terrible for the consumers who invest their health in these fast food products. In the early years of fast food industries, many fast food restaurants have been criticized for their contaminated burgers because of the hospitalized and illness trend that consumers are recognizing prior to eating their burgers. The fast food industries did not know how to react to such immense pressure, so they attempt to shift the blame to the farmers. Eventually the government realized the decline of fast food industries and initiated the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) to run a federal inspection test for all the meat packaging industries of the fast food industries. This might have been a good sign of improvement for the government, until the government decided to be secretive about their findings and had agreed with fast food industries to not reveal the details about the company’s distributed meat. Today, Fast food industries is still one of the largest marketing industries across nation, but let’s not forget about the labor policies, marketing strategies, and agricultural techniques that comes within their products. Schlosser had made enough strong argument about the business tactics that are responsible for the success of fast food industries. Such tactics that targets children and families with collectibles and sentimental values, hiring workers that are more willing to work with minimum wages, and also managing a horrible quality of food supplies. These factors might be great for the industries because they prospering a substantial amount of profit, but it are unhealthy for the consumers across the nation. Hopefully in the near future, United State’s Department of Agriculture would interfere with regulations that would prevent fast food industries from exploiting the community of its self-motivated individuals. Schlosser also believed that the government should create a federal agency that promotes â€Å"more safety laws that could also reduce the number of slaughterhouse workers who get hurt† (Schlosser 264). With the worker’s safety conditions controlled, it would also be the nation’s best interest to end obesity, by controlling the establishment of fast food restaurants allowed per community and to open up healthier restaurants. Now on a more practical basis, students and the community should raise awareness of the unethical practices of fast food industries, and promote healthier eating habits within their community. With this practical practice, fast food industries will be prone to being eliminated, and the community will live a longer and healthier life.

Illegal immigration (cause and effect) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Illegal immigration (cause and effect) - Essay Example If prospective immigrants deem the chances of successful migration to be greater than the costs/ risks, illegal immigration easily becomes an option. The gains taken under deliberation take in not only projected improvements in earnings and living conditions, but also expectations in relation to latent residential permits in the future, where there is a path to citizenship or naturalization of illegal immigrants. The risks may take in restrictions on residing as an undocumented immigrant in the target country, parting with ones’ family and ways of life plus the possibility of being held and resultant sanctions (Borjas 12-13). Trade liberalization is one of the causes of illegal immigration. The quest for the benefits of globalization by developing states has seen them by adopt measures to liberalize trade. But the quick opening of local markets could possibly be a reason for displacement of a huge number of unskilled or agricultural workers, who are likelier to search for employment and a better quality of life through illegal immigration. This has been seen in North American Free Trade Agreement that has poor Mexican farmers who were not able to compete with the higher yield of US subsidize agriculture, in particular for corn. Wars in native countries and a search for asylum may be another reason for illegal immigration. Illegal immigration may be driven by the need to run away from civil war or repression in the home country. Non-economic push factors may include persecution (religious and non religious), bullying, oppression, repeated abuse and even genocide plus risks to nationals during war. Political reasons conventionally encourage refugee flows – to break away from autocracy for example. The ranking of illegal immigrant is in coincidence with or can be replaced by the rank of an asylum seeker for emigrants who might have run away from a

Public Opinion & Public Policy - [400 Level Political Science Course] Research Paper

Public Opinion & Public Policy - [400 Level Political Science Course] - Research Paper Example The public then evaluates the agenda, based on the values and beliefs, as well as the preferences, and then give their opinion regarding the same. However, most significant of this concept, is the framing of the agenda and the ideas sought by the media. This is because, based on the way a certain agenda is articulated, the same individual can give diverse opinions (Jopkke, 251). Therefore, framing of the public opinion agenda should be done consistently with the actual target information that the agenda is to gather. Social desirability is yet the other consideration that should be made while preparing for a public opinion. The medium that is used to collect public opinion highly determines the response that is obtained (Guimond, 645). This way, the same issue can fetch different responses based on the medium applied. Thus, it is vital to use a medium that is socially desirable to all. This will assure getting the right response on the target issue. The study of public opinion is important. From the beginning of the concept of public opinion, the views obtained from the opinions given by the public regarding a certain issue, have not only been used to give public views regarding the issue, but also to shape and determine the destiny of such an issue (Hugh, 69). A public opinion indicates the attitude, the feelings, the approval or the disapproval of a certain issue by the public. This being the case, it is important to study public opinion, since it helps to understand the real feelings and attitudes that the public holds towards a certain issue (Guimond, 644). Failure to study public opinion would mean that certain decisions are reached on the basis of what certain individuals feel or think, devoid of incorporating the feelings of the public, which is the most affected entity by any social, economic or political

Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 42

Business - Essay Example The inventory at hand by this quarter is 86,400 fans that are calculated as 126% of the 2006 first quarter production levels. Due to the application of this cushion by Riordan, a viable production plan will be easily maintained without minor adjustments on the plan of 2005. Riordan requires the master production schedule (MPS) to help in the determination of the parts that will be needed weekly to meet its quarterly projected needs. The fact that this company uses a make-to-stock system makes it able to easily satisfy its customer demands without any delays in production. In case the inventory level drop to a given level, theres an automated system with a fixed order quantity method that I used to order parts. Whenever the capacity remains unremarkable, and theres a high reliability on the Riordans suppliers so that there are no significant delays in delivery, a flexible time fence is used (Soares & Vieira, 2009). At the Riordans Chinese facility, for a fan production, the material requirement plan (MRP) is usually based on the master production schedule (MPS). The MPS is used for the finished product that is the fans, and it also predicates the MRP. It is important that a well-reviewed production schedule is based on the inputs from every department so as to balance conflicting objectives, maintain inventory levels low and use resources efficiently. Soares, M., & Vieira, G. (2009). A new multi-objective optimization method for master production scheduling based on genetic algorithm. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology,

Hugh Hefner Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Hugh Hefner - Essay Example Launched in 1953, the magazine's objective was centered on explicit sexuality. Playboy Enterprises (2000) Hefner has been known as the vanguard power behind this prolific company. However it is also evident that his lifestyle has been marred by marital scandals, which have resulted into various separations that have led to impeccable divorces. His innovative strategies have witnessed an incredible achievement of the Play boy Magazine and their fabulous life at large. Hefner is perhaps the first magazine to become rise and led a celebrity lifestyle. He was once arrested in Chicago in 1963, Illinois for being in possession of indecent photos of one of the movie actress Jayne Mansfield. By 1971 he developed a famous Playboy castle in Los Angeles. He also served in the U.S Army in WW11 after graduating Steinmetz. Peter Gregory (2005). Heffner was coupled with the indecisions for identifying the brand name; he was torn between Stag Party and Play boy. But through a collective reflected that hinged on the fabulous lifestyle and the exorbitant celebrity kind of a culture, Play boy had to outrun every suggestive brand name. Hefner's vision was centered on elevating the Play boy magazine to enjoy and champion the popular rule as the people's favorite series in America and even on global dimensions. Most of his competitors include esquire a magazine company that he worked with before, Merrion D.S (1997). Hefner is trying to create his Company had to contemplate about the trademark symbol, at first he thought a smoking jacket would do, but unfortunately he received an objection from the Stag Magazine lawyer that warned his against infringement. Playboy Enterprises (2000) while relaxing with his wife and colleagues, his wife suggested the Playboy thing; the rabbit drawing was likewise introduced on the second cover of th e page that reflected the beauty and glory of chic eyes if not a bikini knot. Jennifer White (2003) Although Hefner's wife at first thought that this Playboy acronym wouldn't hit the markets, the incorporation of the Rabbit symbol and the name blended to become a world famous. But owing to the financial constraints during his first experiences with the company, Hefner had to look out for a state of the deceptive art to promote his magazine. But since the 3-D and comic books were so myriad and popular at the same time, Hefner did a nude pictorial in a 3-D, inscribing those little glasses in every issue although expensive it was, at that time. I discovered that the Marilyn Monroe calendar-which everyone had heard about but nobody had seen-was owned by the John Baumgarth Calendar Co. out on the West Side of Chicago, very close to where I had grown up. But he thought of Marilyn Monroe, a Hollywood celebrity, and immediate conceived the potential of Monroe's nude photograph on his first issue. Playboy Enterprises (2000) Marilyn Monroe was the centerfold in the first issue of his playboy Magazine n December 1953. This issue featured as the only one to name its playmate 'Sweetheart of the Month'. In 1965 issue, playboy Magazine featured the first African-American centerfold. Peter Gregory (2005). Genesis to Opulence Playboy's sensational hit on the market was evident that time Hefner imported a nude photograph of actress Marilyn Monroe that he purchased. Since at this time Monroe was a star with the Hollywood moviemakers, so Hefner employed strategy of using his photography to

Business Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 12500 words

Business Plan - Essay Example The partners have agreed that they should be co-equal partners in this venture, each providing one-third of the equity financing. Based on their experiences, skills and training, Brandon Beaver will take on the financial control and risk management, Kevin Gillin will oversee the organizational management as well as the manufacturing and operations aspect, because of his background in leadership and engineering. Brian Giuliano is a marketing professional in the field of medical devices, therefore his expertise is relevant in the market analysis and the sales and marketing activities for the venture. The line of products that the team proposes to manufacture include devices and technologies that do either one, two, or all of three things: (1) they detect the presence of certain substances, such as alcohol or drugs, which may be detectable in the breath, sweat, or subcutaneous layers of the skin; (2) to sense the physical or mental state of the driver with regard to fatigue, age, or disability by which a driver’s skill or attention may be compromised; and (3) on the basis of these findings, if the detected substance or condition has reached a critical level, to disable the car’s ignition or provide a signal or alarm to the driver, particularly in the case of drowsiness, or a similar signal to a remote location, such as to the parents of the youthful driver, with information as to the location of the vehicle if supplemented with GPS capability. Cannabis, more commonly known as marijuana, has been legalized for medical use in at least three countries (Israel, the Czech Republic, and Canada), and in several states in the United States although US Federal law bans the possession and use of the substance. Its use has been decriminalized in several countries and possession is legal in the Netherlands. Commencing 2013, recreational use of marijuana is legal in the two US states, namely Washington and Colorado. As a result of the increasingly

Produce a report on the case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Produce a report on the case study - Essay Example Most commonly, the above effort is delayed because of the market pressures and the appearance of problems in the internal organizational environment. Therefore, in order for a firm to secure its position in its industry it is necessary to ensure that its strategies are appropriately aligned to the market needs and that conflicts in its internal are effectively controlled. Current paper focuses on the examination of the organizational problems of Fishery Products International (FPI), a key competitor in the global fishery industry. The changes that the firm had to promote, mostly because of its transformation in 1087, from a public-sector firm to a firm of the private sector, have negatively affected its performance. Of course, the high level of the firm’s profitability, especially compared to its rivals, cannot be denied. However, it seems that the transition of the firm from the public sector to the private sector has been problematic, even if the problem was not revealed imm ediately, i.e. in 1987 when the firm entered the private sector. The ability of the firm to survive in the private sector depends on the willingness of its stakeholders to support this effort but also on the market’s conditions, which have been proved to be critical for the firm’s stability. ... ? organizational problems The history of the firm is rather short; the firm was established in 1984 through the amalgamation of three major seafood companies. However, the firms participated in the particular organization had a long presence in the particular industry, being related to the first efforts for the establishment of the fishery industry in Canada. This fact should be taken into consideration when evaluating the firm’s performance after the transformation to a legal entity of the private sector. From a first view, the performance of the firm in its industry can be characterized as satisfactory, taking into consideration the market conditions and the environmental challenges, referring especially to the limitation of the fish stock. Despite the above issues, the firm should stabilize its performance and strengthen its position in the global fishery industry in order to be able to face any potential attacks from competitors, as such attack was expressed through the â €˜unsolicited takeover bid’ (case study, p.15) against the firm by NEOS Seafoods Inc. in 1999. The firm’s key organizational problems are highlighted below; suggestions are made for their elimination and the increase of the firm’s competitiveness, so that similar events, like the takeover bid of NEOS, to be avoided in the future. 2.1 Management roles and responsibility One of the key characteristics of FPI is its leadership style. As noted above, the first established in 1984; in 1987 the firm entered the private sector, which means that for about 3 years the firm was under the control of the government. It was in 1984 when the current CEO of the firm, Vic Young, was appointed in his current position. During this period of transition, from 1984 up to 1987, it was unavoidable for the

Sneak up dance song for native American Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sneak up dance song for native American - Essay Example The third version is the enactment of a warrior in battle, who searches for a wounded friend, finds him and brings him to safety. The sneak-up dance or scout dance is performed only by men. The accompanying songs support the theme of the dance and help to teach young boys how to surprise prey or an enemy. Thesis Statement: The purpose of this paper is to investigate the traditional Sneak-Up dance and songs that are unique to the Native Americans. The Sneak-Up Dance and Song The Europeans colonizing the North American continent forcefully dispersed native American groups from their original homelands to reservations or cities. This dispersal endangered many traditional rituals, dances and ceremonies of native Indians. Drumming and singing ensembles of native Americans include leader-chorus songs, unison chorus songs, and multipart songs. A singer must have a strong, wide-ranging voice and the ability to sing with others. Native American songs as well as a variety of musical instrument s including different types of rattles serve to complete the dances. However, the most important instrument is the drum for the majority of native Americans. â€Å"Every native culture has its own varied and distinctive ways of making music† (Birchfield 416). While native language carries the melody in some songs, other songs use vowel sounds such as ya, hey, hi, and lay.

Pharmacology virtual assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Pharmacology virtual assignment - Essay Example One among them is neostigmine. Neostigmine is the reversible inhibitor of the postsynaptic cholin esterase enzyme and thus acing as the cholinergic agent. Neostigmine increases the amount of acetylcholines that are available for the nicotine receptors at the myoneural junction and thus enhances the muscle strength for contraction. It is also used as the antidote for the nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents. (Aschenbrenner and Venable 2008). Â µ Conotocin is a short peptide of 22 aminoacids. It is isolated from the venom of many types of cone snail. Â µ Conotoxin have high binding affinity and discriminates well between the skeletal and cardiac isoforms. They have three disulfide bonds and three loop framework. Â µ Conotoxin has many positively charges residues that attracts the negatively charged residues. The arginine residue present in the 13th or 14th position seems to be the most critical group for the channel block. These residues block the sodium channel by using its positive charge. As positive charge is exerted by both repulsion occurs at the pore using electrostatic repulsion. (Canning and Spina 2009). Suxamethonium contains two acetylcholine molecules joined for acting as the neuromuscular blocking drug. They act as agonist by binding to the nicotinic cholinergic receptor and results in the depolarization of the muscle cell membranes. (Sidebotham and Levy 2007). Tetrodotoxin is a potent neurotoxin produced by the puffer fish. This is an example for the ion-channel neurotoxin. This is an effective tool for identifying the inhibition of the intestine due to contractile activity as it blocks the neural activity without disturbing the muscle. (Rhoades and Bell 2008). 3, 4 diaminopyridine is a voltage dependent potassium channel blocker. This drug is used for improving the motor function and fatigue in the multiple scelrosis in patients. The blockage occurs in the nerve terminal and increases the

Employment and Trade Unions Essay Example for Free

Employment and Trade Unions Essay Throughout the study I have tried with the best of my capacity to accommodate as much information and relevant issues as possible and tried to follow the instructions as you have suggested. I tried my best to make this report as much informative as possible. I sincerely believe that it will satisfy your requirements. I however sincerely believe that this report will serve the purpose of my course (Industrial Relation). I am grateful to you for your guidance and kind co-operation at every step of my endeavor on this report. My effort will be reworded only if it adds value to the research literature. Introduction One of the major functions of human resource management is to maintain smooth industrial relations (IR). It is also treated as one of the oldest functions of HRM. It is basically allied with the relations between the employer and the workers in the industry (Singh Kumar, 2011: 3). According to Weeratunga (2003:5) Industrial Relations or Labor Relations, the terms used interchangeably, can be viewed as the interaction between the various interested parties involved in employment. The employer and the employee are obvious parties. The state, in ensuring a level playing field for both sides, provides the legal framework within which such relations may take place. In industrial relations, workers are generally represented by their trade unions formed under chapter 13 of Bangladesh Labor Act2006 whereas employers are represented by their associations such as Bangladesh Employers Federation. HR managers mediate the relationships between workers and employers though they are appointed by the representatives of employers. Another related term is Employee Relations. Though both the terms industrial relations and employee relations are structurally similar (Decenzo Robbins, 1999: 18), employee relations includes, in addition to industrial relations, such aspects as participative management, employee wellbeing, employee development, employee compensation, employee protection and health, and the like (Aswathappa, 2008:534). Generally industrial relations cover the areas such as trade unions, collective bargaining, settlement of industrial disputes, grievance handling procedure, role of government, labor laws, courts and tribunals and role of employers. In the context of developing countries, industrial relations has been influenced by features such as high exploitation of workers, low level of worker participation in decision making, government and political interferences, high rate of illiteracy of workers, low level of employment, low level of awareness among the laborers regarding rights, laws, and trade unionism, and low labor productivity (Khan Taher, 2008: 222-23). Industrial relations plays an important role in establishing and maintaining industrial democracy (Monappa, 2004: 9) and it is the key to improve productivity in industrial enterprises (Aswathappa, 2004: 534). Human resource management can play vital roles in enhancing cooperative and friendly industrial relations. In Bangladesh, collective bargaining on pay between employer and workmen is prohibited in the public sector enterprises as the government designs uniform pay and benefits for the employees of all public sector enterprises (Mahmood, 2008). The limited scope of collective bargaining in the public sector of Bangladesh influences the trade unions to develop network with government, political parties and other powerful bodies in organizing their activities. It hinders effective interactions between the representatives of employers and workers at enterprise level. Though performance based pay is considered to have significant impact on employee performance (DesslerVarkkey, 2010: 15), it is not at all practiced by the public sector enterprises in Bangladesh. As a result, public sector enterprises in Bangladesh have been incurring huge losses. On the other hand, all types of collective bargaining takes place at enterprise level in case of private sector enterprises (Khan, 1996). Mahmood (2008) mentioned that the industrial relations process in the private sector was often disturbed by links between private and public sector unions. Objectives: a) To explore the differences between public and private sector industrial enterprises of Bangladesh with respect to overall status of IR. b) To put forward policy implications of overall improvement in IR of Bangladesh. Industrial Relations Studies in Bangladesh Khan (1986) studied industrial relations in Bangladesh with special emphasis on trade unionism. †¦ Trade Unions Trade Union is an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals such as protecting the integrity of its trade, achieving higher pay, increasing the number of employees an employer hires, and better working conditions. An organized association of workers in a trade, group of trades, or profession, formed to protect and further their rights and interests. A group of employees in a particular sector, whose aim is to negotiate with employees over pay, job security, working hours, etc. using the collective power of the members. The most common purpose of these associations or unions is maintaining or improving the conditions of their employment. Causes of organizing trade unions Provision of benefits to members: professional training, legal advice and representation for members is still an important benefit of trade union membership. Industrial action: Trade unions may enforce strikes or resistance to lockouts in furtherance of particular goals. Political activity: Trade unions may promote legislation favourable to the interests of their members or workers as a whole. To this end they may pursue campaigns, undertake lobbying, or financially support individual candidates or parties. Conditions of employment and any grievances — are settled through trade unions. Bargaining rights: Trade unions bargain and ensure the status, rights, wages and demands of workers of the modern world of industry. Contribution in economical growth: Trade unions are growing rapidly in an economy because of the expansion of business and economical growth. Objectives Trade unions are the only way to manage, compliant, and control the labour force. Lots of objectives are there to organize trade unions. . To defend or improve the wages and working conditions of workers and to bring about a change in the economic order. 2. To strengthen their (labour) bargaining power collectively to establish and achieve all their rights. 3. To dully protect all other interest of the workers . And from the managements point of view the objectives as written: a) To reduce the number of negotiation. b) To specify work rules, disagreements and grievances to give the better solution to workers claim. c) To establish the efficient communication between the employers and management to enforce the predictable standards. ) To enhance the overall organizational effectiveness workers can also be sometimes inspired to form and organize trade union. In fact, objectives of a trade union are not defined; rather these are changing according to the need of the economy and overall industry. When these objectives are not settled then the rivals are started History of Trade Unions The Pakistan Period (1947-71) -The East Pakistan Trade Unions Act, 1965 was enacted repealing the Trade Unions Act, 1926. -The Labor Disputes Act, 1965 was enacted. -Industrial Relations Ordinance, 1969 was enacted integrating the above two Acts. Bangladesh Period (1971-onwards) -Government of Bangladesh declared a labor policy in 1972. The right to strike and collective bargaining in the nationalized industries was prohibited for six months by Presidential order no. 55 in May 1972. -In 1973, the right to strike and lockout, as granted by IRO, 1969 was withdrawn. -In 1974 Act completely suspended the democratic rights of workers by prohibiting trade union activities such as strikes, lock-outs, collective bargaining. -The military regime of 1975 imposed restrictions on the rights of collective bargaining. The Industrial Relations (Amendment) Ordinance, 1977 liberalized the Rights of Freedom of Association -The Labor Policy of 1980 restored the right to freedom of association to a considerable extent -In 1982 the military regime banned trade union activities, strikes, and right of freedom of association. Limitations In Bangladesh Trade Unions have a lot of unavoidable problems: 1. Lack of consciousness: Trade union are not actu ally completely aware about employees legal rights and duties. 2. Lack of Unity: In Bangladesh trade unions are separated for political influence. 3. Lack of knowledge: The workers of Bangladesh dont have enough knowledge about their rights and duties. 4. Political influence: In Bangladesh, trade unions work a part of political parties not as a free right saving association. 5. Division of trade union: Bangladesh is a country where every organization has more trade unions in name only. The overall productivity got down. Suggestions Strengthening bilateral collective bargaining for solving problems quickly and effectively. Multiplicity of trade union creates the rivals in a union. So it must be reduced. Political involvement must be reduced. Organization must support financially as trade unions support the worker. Training programs under trade union should be helpful to develop the skills of the workers. Trade unions function should be increased and widened throughout the organization. Union leader must be given importance and encourage the members. If trust between workers and management increases, productivity increases. Management must help and guide trade unions to settle industrial clashes and crisis. Trade unions always should demand reasonable thing to the management. . What is a dispute? Academically speaking, industrial dispute refers to any conflict between employees and employers, between employers and employers and between employers and employees. †¢ But in reality, dispute is understood as the conflict between employees and employers. There are three types of Disputes : †¢ Disciplinary disputes †¢ Grievance disputes †¢ Industrial disputes †¢ According to Industrial Dispute Act, 1947, Industrial dispute means any dispute or difference between employers and employers, or between employers and workmen, or between workmen and workmen, which is connected with the mployment or non-employment or terms of employment or with the conditions of labour of any person. Causes of Industrial Disputes: Some of the prominent causes of industrial disputes may be listed thus: Employment: The list here includes disputes over wages, allowances, bonus, benefits, working, condition, unjust dismissals, retrenchment of workers, methods of job evaluation, changes in methods of production, non-implement of awards of tribunals, etc. The National Commission on Labor remarked â€Å"though on majority of occasions industrial disputes were based on claims pertaining to the terms and condition of employment, sometimes economic issues of a general character dominated and, on occasion, purely motives†. The causes of industrial disputes can be broadly classified into two categories: economic and non-economic causes. The economic causes will include issues relating to compensation like wages, bonus, allowances, and conditions for work, working hours, leave and holidays without pay, unjust layoffs and retrenchments. The non economic factors will include victimization of workers, ill treatment by staff members, sympathetic strikes, political factors, indiscipline etc. Wages and allowances:  Since the cost of living index is increasing, workers generally bargain for higher wages to meet the rising cost of living index and to increase their standards of living. In 2002, 21. 4% of disputes were caused by demand of higher wages and allowances. This percentage was 20. 4% during 2003 and during 2004 increased up to 26. 2%. In 2005, wages and allowances accounted for 21. % of disputes. Personnel and retrenchment:  The personnel and retrenchment have also been an important factor which accounted for disputes. During the year 2002, disputes caused by personnel were 14. 1% while those caused by retrenchment and layoffs were 2. 2% and 0. 4% respectively. In 2003, a similar trend could be seen, wherein 11. 2% of the disputes were caused by personnel, while 2. 4% and 0. 6% of disputes were caused by retrenchment and layoffs. In year 2005, only 9. 6% of the disputes were caused by personnel, and only 0. 4% were caused by retrenchment. Indiscipline and violence:  From the given table, it is evident that the number of disputes caused by indiscipline has shown an increasing trend. In 2002, 29. 9% of disputes were caused because of indiscipline, which rose up to 36. 9% in 2003. Similarly in 2004 and 2005, 40. 4% and 41. 6% of disputes were caused due to indiscipline respectively. During the year 2003, indiscipline accounted for the highest percentage (36. 9%) of the total time-loss of all disputes, followed by cause-groups wage and allowance and personnel with 20. 4% and11. % respectively. A similar trend was observed in 2004 where indiscipline accounted for 40. 4% of disputes. Bonus:  Bonus has always been an important factor in industrial disputes. 6. 7% of the disputes were because of bonus in 2002 and 2003 as compared to 3. 5% and 3. 6% in 2004 and 2005 respectively. Leave and working hours: Leaves and working hours have not been so important causes of industrial disputes. During 2002, 0. 5% of the disputes were because of leave and hours of work while this percentage increased to 1% in 2003. During 2004, only 0. % of the disputes were because of leaves and working hours. ? Miscellaneous:  The miscellaneous factors include   Ã‚   Inter/Intra Union Rivalry   Ã‚   Charter of Demands   Ã‚   Work Load   Ã‚   Standing orders/rules/service conditions/safety measures   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Non-implementation of agreements and awards etc. Collective Bargaining Collective bargaining includes not only negotiations between the employers and unions but also includes the process of resolving labor-management conflicts. Thus, collective bargaining is, essentially, a recognized way of creating a system of industrial jurisprudence. It acts as a method of introducing civil rights in the industry, that is, the management should be conducted by rules rather than arbitrary decision making. It establishes rules which define and restrict the traditional authority exercised by the management. Importance to employees ? Collective bar aining develops a sense of self respect and responsibility among the employees. It increases the strength of the workforce, thereby, increasing their bargaining capacity as a group. Collective bargaining increases the morale and productivity of employees. It restricts management’s freedom for arbitrary action against the employees. Moreover, unilateral actions by the employer are also discouraged. Effective collective bargaining machinery strengthens the trade unions movement. The workers feel motivated as they can approach the management on various matters and bargain for higher benefits. It helps in securing a prompt and fair settlement of grievances. It provides a flexible means for the adjustment of wages and employment conditions to economic and technological changes in the industry, as a result of which the chances for conflicts are reduced. Importance to employers 1. It becomes easier for the management to resolve issues at the bargaining level rather than taking up complaints of individual workers. 2. Collective bargaining tends to promote a sense of job security among employees and thereby tends to reduce the cost of labor turnover to management. 3. Collective bargaining opens up the channel of communication between the workers and the management and increases worker participation in decision making. 4. Collective bargaining plays a vital role in settling and preventing industrial disputes. Importance to society: 1. Collective bargaining leads to industrial peace in the country 2. It results in establishment of a harmonious industrial climate which supports which helps the pace of a nation’s efforts towards economic and social development since the obstacles to such a development can be reduced considerably. 3. The discrimination and exploitation of workers is constantly being checked. 4. It provides a method or the regulation of the conditions of employment of those who are directly concerned about them.

Emotional Response To Music And Happiness Psychology Essay

Emotional Response To Music And Happiness Psychology Essay The objective of this research is to examine the correlation between emotional response to music and happiness among the undergraduates of UTAR: Perak Campus. Besides that, the gender differences in emotional response to music and gender differences in happiness will be examined as well. The findings show that there are more than half of the participants scored more than 4 out of the maximum score of 7. It means that they mostly have an average level of happiness. There are only few participants fall in low happiness level which scored less than 3 and about more than quarter of participants fall in high happiness level which scored 5 or above. Emotional Response to Music and Happiness This research found that there is a significant correlation in emotional response to music and happiness among the universitys undergraduates. The level of emotional response to music among both male and female undergraduates is correlated to their respective happiness level. This is supported by Lamont (2011) where the study results show that young adults are likely to have strong positive experience from music listening, especially if it had had a prominent strong impact in their lives. This result show the correlation between emotional response to music and the pursuit for happiness as music may provide a possible connection to various aspects to find happiness or to reach a peaceful state of mind free from any side effects. (Lamont, 2011) Another research that can support the result of this finding states that music listening was claimed to be mostly relaxation, mood improvements, and as well as decreasing negative emotional well-being such as being under stress and anxiety. (Kal linen Ravaja, 2008) Other than that Saaikallio, Nieminen Brattico (2011) support the results of the researchs as it was found that it is not necessarily only happy music that can evoke feelings of happiness in the listener. It was also found that sad music can induce positive feelings such as happiness as well, which may be due the individuals need to preserve happiness despite the sad (musical) stimulus, or also because the need to not be overly emotionally affected or touched by the particular piece of music. (Saaikallio, Nieminen Brattico, 2011) With this notion, it can further support the correlation between emotional response to music and happiness, as the type of music does not become a barrier in the obtained positive feelings of happiness through listening to music. In a similar study Van Goethem Sloboda (2011) found that music plays an important role in the creation of happiness as well as relaxation. Other findings include: (1) music is effective in helping strategies of regulating emotions such as distraction. (2) music is quite a successful device for affective regulation alongside with other types of mechanisms of coping. (Van Goethem Sloboda, 2011) The research also indicates that happiness is the highest percentage affect being regulated with music which supports this researchs result on emotional response to music and happiness relationship. Listening to music can regulate ones emotions and with happiness being the easiest emotion to regulate through music listening, the stronger ones emotional response to music the happier they are. Despite the disagreement that happiness is induced from the music Konecni, Brown Wanic (2008) found that the overall measure of the participants after listening to music was leaning more towards the positive emotion of feeling happiness which is felt through the recollection of their life-events that seems to be rather attached to the emotions felt through music. The findings also suggested the big difference between originally experienced real life events emotions and the induction of happy-sad emotion by music proceeding to state that emotions induced in music solely triggers the listeners imagination (recollection) of that emotion once felt. (Konecni, Brown Wanic, 2008) Hence, the emotional response to music can be applied by listening to happy music to induce positive emotions such as happiness. Happiness and Gender This research showed that there are is a significant difference in happiness level in male and female. According to a research conducted by Yang (2008) showed that there are gender differences in happiness level where women tend to be happier than men before old age but their happiness level seems to declines when in old age; while men are tend to be happier in old age. This is supported by Easterlin (2010) that is showing the same result displaying evidences between genders and generations, men and women are equally happy and unhappy when look on the whole; but when looked closer at different life stages, women turns out to be happier than men in early life but less happy and the end. (Easterlin, 2010) Inglehart (2002) found that women who are below 45 of age tend to be happier than man. While the longitudinal research done by Stevenson Wolfers (2009) shown that there is a declination of happiness level in female across the years. According to Zaidi (2010), women have bigger orbital frontal cortices compared to men because there is highly significant difference in the ratio of orbital grey to amygdala volume. The ratio between the orbitofrontal cortex (part that in charge in regulating emotions), and the size of the amygdala, are mixed up in order to produce emotional reactions. The ratio appears larger in women than men. On average, women might be more proficient of handling their emotional responses. (Zaidi, 2010) Biological differences and gender roles are the most probably to lead distinction between male and female and presenting the differences of happiness among genders. In another research conducted by Crossley Langdridge (2005) showed gender differences among the perceived happiness: Men scored better in sexual activity, being liked, sports and owning a good social life; whereas women scored better in having a close family, loved by loved one, assisting others, good social life and being liked than men in assisting them to achieve happiness. (Crossley Langdridge, 2005) Hence the difference of happiness level between genders. Emotional Response to Music and Gender This research showed that there are is a significant difference in emotional response to music level between male and female. According Chentsova-Dutton Tsai (2007) women were more emotionally reactive than men as they exhibited larger changes in overall reactivity, where they report the more extreme emotions while reliving rage and feelings of affection for recollection of past events. The study suggests that at some level, gender differences on emotional response may persist even across ethnic groups. (Chentsova-Dutton Tsai, 2007) Hence the gender differences in emotional response to music. According to Nater, Abbruzzese, Krebs Ehlert (2006) research on participants reactions to different musical stimuli (relaxing classical music, and unpleasant metallica), women have the tendency to exhibit hypersensitivity to repulsive musical stimuli hence displaying the gender differences in emotional response to music. In a similar research, Istà ³k, Brattico, Jacobsen, Krohn, Mà ¼ller Tervaniemi (2009) found gender differences for some emotional when describing music terms such as touching, feelings evoked, ugly, and drab, additionally male participants have higher tendency to express with negative adjective compared to female participants. Multiple researches suggests otherwise, Rickard (2004) found that gender difference may not contribute to difference of emotional response to music in terms of physical arousal as the music with emotional power treatment induced significantly greater increase in skin conductance and number chills equally in both gender. Lundqvist, Carlsson, Hilmersson Justin (2009) show similar results with no gender differences in emotional response to music in terms of both physical and mental response, as both male and female have equal response level to music stimuli. Limitations and suggestion This research had faced difficulties in finding journals of gender differences on level of happiness, gender differences in emotional response to music no matter of Malaysia context or others because there are limited sources and research on this topic. The researcher had faced difficulties especially in locating journals or articles to compare on happiness level and emotional response to music. Therefore, this research is to make contribution to the studies gender differences on happiness level, and emotional response to music and happiness. In this research, it only involved a hundred participants (fifty male students of UTAR: Perak Campus, and fifty female students of UTAR: Perak Campus) which is not enough to generalize on the population. Further research need to increase the sample size and different backgrounds of participants so that the result obtained could be generalized to the whole population. Furthermore, the participants of this study are mostly Chinese. Due to the same ethnics and belief systems they have, may contribute to this result which is no gender differences in happiness level. Thus, further study has to be done by involving more ethnicities and culture values in order to find out a more thorough study. Moreover this research only focuses on the effects of gender differences on emotional response to music, and level of happiness which is not enough to study on the outcome of the research. Other demographic aspects should be included in future study on this research, such as age, ethnicity, race, field of study and so forth. A suggestion for more accurate reliability of this research is to conduct a cross-cultural study to determine the effects of cultural differences on the outcome of the research. Conclusion This study is proposed to find out the correlation between emotional response to music and level of happiness, the gender differences in emotional response to music, and gender differences in happiness. The results show that there is significant correlation in emotional response to music and happiness which means the level of emotional response to music and level of happiness interrelates with each other. There is also a significant gender difference in emotional response to music, where this study found that female have higher level of emotional response to music compared to male. Lastly, gender differences in happiness have a significant outcome as well, where female was found to have a higher level of happiness than compared to male. This research has made contribution to emotional response to music and happiness researches in Malaysia context. In order to improve the outcome of this study, more research as a bigger sample range should be conducted to increase the validity and generalization.

Technological Analysis of Spain

Technological Analysis of Spain Technological analysis Spain has been slow to adopt technological advancements compared to the other European countries, even though Spain performs well in knowledge creation, the innovation climate in Spain has not been ready. The situation has occurred because of the larger role of the public sector with respect to RD development. The private sector has limited participation in enhancing RD levels in the country. Spain need to unified RD policy across regions as the autonomy of regional governments with respect to the RD policy which led to lack of innovative practices. The increase in the number of authorities and the diversity of funding programs in Spain has increased the innovative system. However, the level of coordination among different levels must improve. Spain ranks 16th on the European innovation index in a list of 27 nations. Spain total expenditure on RD as a percentage of GDP stood at around 1.2 percent in 2007 to 2008. Spain has set a target to reach the RD expenditure level of 2% of GDP by 2010, which is well below the 3% target fixed by Lisbon agreement for the European nations. It is expected that Spain government under the program of INGENIO 2010 will help in raising the private sector expenditure on RD to 55% of total investment by 2010, as well as improving the overall innovation climate of Spain. Spain government has initiated measures to address the expected in innovation by revamping introducing new technologies and the educational system. The lack of innovation and entrepreneurship has emerged because of a low percentage of SMEs getting involved in innovation and co-operation, along with the low participation of the private sector and venture capitalists. Below show the analysis of Spain’s technology landscape a ccording to Datamonitor. Current strengths Well-developed ICT sector Spain has a strong communications equipment market. The Spanish communications equipment market generated total among of revenues of $521.2 billion in 2008, it representing a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 9.7 percent for the period spanning 2004 to 2008. In 2013, the Spanish communications equipment market is forecast to have a value of $577 million, an increase of 10.7 percent since 2008. Electricals and electronics retailers proved the most cost-effective distributors for the Spanish communications equipment market in 2008, generating total among of revenues of $249.8 million, equivalent to 47.9 percent of the markets overall value. The country’s strong communication equipment market is expected to post positive growth rates in the medium term. Well-developed infrastructure Spain has a well-developed infrastructure to facilitate development of technology-intensive industries. Besides, the railways system is one of the best in Western Europe. Base on the Datamonitor, in 2008, the Spanish railway system covered 15,288 km, and 8,847 km of the area which were electrified. Air and water transport are also well developed with around 55 state-owned general interest ports and 58 commercial airports. Current challenges Gross expenditure on RD remains low Spain total expenditure on RD (as a percentage of GDP) stood at 1.2 percent in 2007, which is much less than that of other developed nations. In comparison, France’s expenditure was 2.13 percent of the GDP, 3.18 percent in Japan, 2.68 percent for the US, and 1.8 percent for Canada during the same year. The low expenditure on RD has restricted related some activities in Spain. With the increase in the Spanish access to the European technology fund and innovation budget which aims at meeting the financing needs of research, the development and innovation of enterprises, it will be an improvement in the funding of RD activities. Involvement of the private sector The RD activities in Spain have been led by the public sector and with a little involvement from the private sector. The lack of innovation and entrepreneurship has emerged because of a low percentage of SMEs getting involved in cooperation, innovation, and the low participation of venture capitalists and the private sector. The government focused on more of the technological expansion of existing large firms rather than early stage investments for startups. Future prospects Government policies promoting RD Base on the Datamonitor, Spain government has taken several initiatives, which include the adoption of liberal policies to promote RD activity in Spain country, and it has drawn up a new legislative framework for RD. It has been taking measures to expand the RD infrastructure and to improve the operations of all agencies involved in the system. Spain government has set a target to increase the RD expenditure (as a percentage of GDP) to 2 percent by the end of 2010, from 1.2 percent in 2007. The private sector of Spain contribution to RD expenditure is expected to be 55 percent of total expenditure by 2010. Significant opportunities in energy and ICT sector Spain presented significant opportunities in the ICT and emerging sectors of energy. The process of liberalization of the energy market was started in 1998 and by 2003 it brought major changes to the electricity sector and consumers were allowed to purchase power freely in the open market. Spain government has shifted its focus to renewable energy under the Promotion of Renewable Energy plan (2005 to 2010). Spain government also approved the Action Plan for the Spanish Strategy of Energy Efficiency to increase investment in renewable energy technology. Spain has achieved its 29.4 percent target for renewable energy in 2009, even though the target was set for 2010 by the European. Spain government’s energy plans include greater reliance on hydroelectricity and wind energy. In the telecoms segment, a number of IT sub sectors have been opened to private players. Mobile telephony, broadband services and broadcast equipment (such as Wi-Fi) are the growing segments, as the sector is being gradually opened up for competition. Future risks Lack of innovation and low number of patents The low level of innovation in Spain is influenced by the low number of patents registered. Although the number of patents is increasing, it is still far behind the levels compare with other European nations. It compares poorly to some European and developed countries, as show in the table below. A continuation of the trend is likely to hamper the scientific prospects of the country. Spain was ranked 16th according to the European Innovation Scoreboard (EIS) 2008 among the list of 27 European countries. The private sector RD expenditure lags behind the European average by 45 percent and the rate of patenting is below the European average by 20 percent.

Miscellaneous Critics on Waiting for Godot :: Waiting Godot Essays

Nothingness â€Å"Accordingly, any interpretation that purports to know who Godot is (or is not), whether he exists whether he will ever come, whether he has ever come, or even whether he may have come without being recognized (or possibly in disguise) is, if not demonstrably wrong, at least not demonstrably right† (Hutchings 27). â€Å"Although works of the theater of the absurd, particularly Beckett’s, are often comical, their underlying premises are wholly serious: the epistemological principle of uncertainty and the inability in the modern age to find a coherent system of meaning, order, or purpose by which to understand our existence and by which to live† (Hutchings 28). Godot’s characters do not despair in the face of their situation, and this â€Å"perseverance remains constant throughout a body of work that, in the words of the citation awarding Beckett the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1969 had ‘transmuted the destitution of modern man into his exaltation’ (qtd. in Bair 606)† (Hutchings 30). â€Å"Many relate the play to existentialism†¦:God is dead, life is absurd, existence precedes essence, ennui is endemic to the human condition†¦In many ways, such a reading is an evasion of the play’s complexity, a way of putting to rest the uncertainty of one’s response to it† (Collins 33). The reader, like modern man, must not give into â€Å"the arrogant presumption of certitude or the debilitating despair of skepticism,† but instead must â€Å"live in uncertainty, poised, by the conditions of our humanity and of the world in which we live, between certitude and skepticism, between presumption and despair â€Å"(Collins 36). Tragicomedy is life enhancing because it tries to â€Å"remind the audience of the real need to face existence ‘knowing the worst,’ which ultimately is liberation, with courage and humility of not taking oneself or one’s own pain too seriously, and to bear all life’s mysteries and uncertainties; and thus to make the most of what we have rather than to hanker after illusory certainties and rewards† (Esslin, Theater 47). â€Å"Act II. The next day. But is it really the next day? Or after? Or before?† (Esslin, Presence 109). Many details point out the absence of (meaninglessness of) traditional time, which is just one of many ways that the play resists interpretation and meaning: â€Å"People misunderstand it on all sides, just as everyone does his own sorrow. Explanations flow in from all quarters, each more pointless than the last† (Esslin, Presence 110). Some of the many attempts to impose meaning on the play include

I Am Not a Lesbian (for now) :: Personal Narrative Writing

My mother is not a lesbian. Her fraternal twin, Marty, was a lesbian. Marty died of lung cancer when I was seven; she and my mother were thirty-four. My mother’s twin is a martyr in my family, the perfect child, the perfect person. She loved people; she was smart, athletic, active in the fight for women's rights. She taught me how to jump rope on Sanibel Island in Florida. It was windy, but that's all I remember. We went to Philadelphia for the memorial service. Suede, one of Marty's former lovers, played "From a Distance" on her synthesizer. Marty's body was cremated, but we never saw the ashes scattered because a huge snowstorm covered Pennsylvania the day after the service. We ate dinner in Marty's old house, which she shared with Bonnie, her lover at the time. My mother says my father cooked chicken, and Suede played the piano and guitar for us. She played "House at Pooh Corner" and "Peanut Butter and Jelly" for me and my little sister. The August after Marty died, I taught myself how to play "Happy Birthday" on the piano, for my mother. Mom's birthday always created of a huge amount of stress for every member of my family. My father, my younger sister, Cricket, and I, we labored. To make it perfect. On our birthdays, my mother pined and agonized to ensure that every detail went correctly, so the birthday person would be happy. The reservations at the restaurant, the number of party favors, the order of giving presents and playing games, all must be in line. And when something did not go as planned, she would be devastated; we would spend the whole day assuring her that the birthday had gone well, that it had not been ruined by a burnt cake. So when August eleventh rolled around, it was imperative that not a single thing upset her, that we not ruin her birthday. Cricket led Mom by the hand into the living room as I began to play. I only got to the part where it goes high with "happy birthday dear Jody" before I messed up. Pressed the wrong key; the interval was off. I burst into tears. Sobbing on the piano bench, bent over the tainted keys, I realized my mother had also begun to cry, with Cricket in her lap. The only other time I'd ever seen my mother shed a single tear was months before, at Marty's memorial service.

Discuss the way in which Sheila changes throughout the play Essay

Discuss the way in which Sheila changes throughout the play The Birlings are a middle Edwardian class family. The play is set in 1912, in the house of the Birling family in the North Midlands. At that time a woman's role was considered inferior to the men's as it was always presumed that the man was the head of the house. Women were also not thought of as being able to take part in serious conversations, and that they needed to be protected. At the beginning of the play, Sheila is described as young, attractive, girly and naà ¯ve. Also she has just become engaged. This is made known through the stage directions and how she reacts to certain situations. At the start of the play, Sheila shows her character by being very girly in her contributions to the conversation. As the stage directions say 'Sheila is still admiring her ring' and not listening to her father's speech. This shows that she is self-centred and is enjoying the attention that the engagement is bringing her. Also she refers to her parents as "Mummy" and "Daddy" at the beginning of the play, emphasizing her dependency on her family. The arrival of the Inspector seems to be the beginning of the change in Sheila. When Sheila says 'except for all last summer, when you never came near me'. She does not question Gerald further on the subject though she knew where he was. She does not question him further about it because the earlier, girly side of Sheila's character would not be able to cope with the truth. Though she knows that he has not been 'awfully busy at the works', where he said he has been, but having an affair. When Sheila first finds out about the girl's suicide she is genuinely upset and shows her sensitive side in her reaction, 'I... ...nd of the play she is unable to accept her parents attitude and is both amazed and concerned that they haven't learned anything from the events of the evening as she sarcastically says 'So nothing really happened. So there's nothing to be sorry for, nothing to learn. We can all go on behaving just as we did.' By this she means that she does not really understand how she could have learnt more in a few hours than her parents have in their lifetime. In the play, Priestley is trying to show that there is a change in the younger generation. He portrays this by the characters of Sheila and Eric taking responsibility for their part in the death of Eva Smith and the fact that her parents haven't learned anything from the events of that night. He is trying to show that people should take responsibility and care for each other, as in the idea of a big community.

Inequalities and Discrimination of Women In The Workplace

In countries such as Brazil, Bangladesh, Cyprus, Macao, Malaysia, the Republic of Korea, and Singapore, women earn 60 percent less than what men earn (256). Although U. S. figures aren†t as extreme as these, women face discrimination in the workplace. In 1999, women held only 5. 1 percent of top executive management positions, and only 3. 3 percent of companies† highest paid workers were women (256). The term glass ceiling is used to describe the situation in which qualified women aspire to fill high positions but are prevented from doing so by the invisible institutional barriers (256). Discrimination of women in the workplace is a result of men†s power and their reluctance to give up resources and their control over women and can be summed up for women of corporate America by looking at four categories. First, the quality of women†s work tends to be undervalued. Frequently, studies asking participants to assess a piece of work have found that it is evaluated less favorably when said to have been done by a women than when the same piece is attributed to a man (257). Although the tendency to favor a man†s work is not always found, when differences in evaluation are found they tend to favor men. Further, women†s successes tend to be attributed to â€Å"luck†, and competent women are sometimes described as â€Å"unfeminine†. Society†s distrust in women†s abilities results from the stereotypical roles which label women as less assertive and expert than men. A second form of discrimination of women in the work place involves making unjustified assumptions about women†s values. Whereas men are assumed to have values that tend to perpetuate the system, women†s values are assumed to challenge it. Felicia Pratto and her colleagues conducted a study testing the status of the positions for which men and women were most likely to be hired. They found that women were favored to fulfill hierarchy-attenuating jobs (jobs that seek to change the system or improve the lot of people who have been marginalized); men, on the other hand, were favored for the hierarchy-enhancing jobs (which maintain and strengthen the status quo). This was true even when applicants† resumes violated the stereotypes associated with men and women (I. e. men†s career history that indicated they were â€Å"attenuators† and women†s which indicated they were â€Å"enhancers†) (258). The work place is made especially difficult for women with children. Up until the 1970s, pregnancy or the potential for pregnancy was used as a justification for discrimination in the U. S. , allowing employers to routinely force women to leave their jobs or take unpaid leaves (259). Women were even excluded from jobs because they might get pregnant. Looking at current issues, however, the U. S. does not hold any government provision for paid maternity leave for female workers, often causing mothers to bear an economic cost which is not borne by fathers (260). Even when discrimination against mothers is not formal, our culture†s work-family dynamics disproportionately affects women†s careers. Much more women than men have primary responsibility for child care. Working mothers are judged by their community according to how well they parent and work but particularly according to how dedicated they seem to be to parenting. Women, generally, are expected to alter their work commitments when children have problems and are more harshly judged for not doing so (261). A fourth and final aspect of discrimination against women in the U. S. orkplace lies in the notion that they do not have equal right as men to be employed. The U. S. situation is not as extreme as countries such as Russia and China, where many government bureaucrats and factory managers assert to anyone willing to listen that women belong at home, because in the U. S. such public pronouncements are likely to create an explosion of protests. Still, though, the perception that women†s household duties should come before their careers is widespread. Whereas men carry the obligation to earn an income and support their family, the nurturer role is assumed most important for women (260). A review of 21 studies showed that between 16 and 46 percent of the identified lesbians, gays, and bisexuals surveyed reported that they had experienced some form of employment discrimination, as discrimination against individuals of these sexual orientations is legal in most workplaces in the U. S. Also, researchers found that lesbian and bisexual women earn about 13 to 15 percent less than heterosexual women. This is in part because they are more likely to be working in the lowest-paying female-dominated jobs, but it also suggest the impact of discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation (261). Understanding the circumstances that promote stereotyping and lead to discrimination of women in the workplace provides some clues as to how an organization could act to reduce them. Companies can make an effort not to isolate women in particular job categories. Company managers can avoid falling into the notion that specific jobs require â€Å"masculine† qualities by examining job-related assumptions. They can base judgments of whether workers should be hired or promoted on clear and concise criteria. Last, they can develop formal guidelines to be modeled and enforced by top-level management about how to avoid discrimination (265).

Mother Tongue

rhetorical Analysis of take vocabulary create verb t break ensembley by Amy bronze So elementary to read(p. 4). Amy false topaz curios her strive, puzzle expectoration with this short and up to now grammatic all(prenominal)y hurt sentence. She tells us this foreshorten d give births legal draft review is a proof of conquest of her report. wherefore does she imagine that easiness is an aggregate of her piece of music? She suggests answers to this read/write head by her attempt. In her move, Amy erythema sol ar efficaciously convinces her sackorsers that broken side is non an needing(p) nomenclature, solely meet a antithetic style of face that has taxs in it by limning her ain start outs and immobile appeal to pity.She dedicates her lectors to aro employment sympathetic perceptions for her induce and hostile perception for quite a little who was rough to her by presenting splendidly depicted suffer(prenominal) myth. Also, she doe s non end her canvas with her ingest(prenominal) stories honest now broadens the depicted object to a societal level. Amy convert is a well kn hold Chinese American writer who is storied for her major work, The happiness luck club. She normally writes ab egress the celebrate and daughter relationship. The judge Mother applauder was surely create in The 2-a-penny Review in 1990 and overly include in The better(p) American short- dislodge Stories 1991, edited by enjoymentce Carol Oates.In this essay, tan is akinly to postulate-to doe with out to immigrant families that went with similar hardships on communication that she and her mystify experienced. In the straining if her essay, burning realizes that she theatrical roles assorted kind of side of meat according to the situation. Then, she suggests reasons of the flip in her cause pronounceing. She presents individualised anecdotes sex act to her puzzle. She shows the instruction her puzzle d iscourses side of meat amiss and how her induce was treat rudely by various people because of her language.In tans childhood, she pattern her conveys liberalist side of meat is shameful. She thought her set nighs ability to forecast is overly pauseicular(a), as she uses fallible side of meat. Her bewilders typical side fixd bronzes position skills. She could feel dear(p) grades on mathss and science, while she struggled with side of meat achievement tests. In spite of the influence of her renders slope and reject comments about her writing from others, she rebelled against them and became a masteryful writer.Now, she thinks all languages she uses including her yields glossa should be utilize in her writing. She resolute to seek to preserve the shopping mall, her obtains intent, her passion, her imagery, the rhythms of her speech and the disposition of her thoughts in her essay. (p. 3-4) The more than or less powerful rhetorical strategy of he r essay is ain anecdote. Her personal anecdotes non all support her consideration precisely besides appeal to pathos. Her essay can be seen as a just prayer of anecdotes, yet she in spades has an debate in her essay.By presenting personal anecdotes of common topaz and her take, she maintains that people who use broken face ar a lot treated insultingly even though their thought ar non curb. Also, she lets her readers to examine her stories to their own and machinate them to think well about their own languages. Her dumbfounds voices argon non just from the burn marks memory, barely videotaped and then canned by tan. Also, tangent does non simply explain the focus her stupefy talks, but presents her vocalism pass by outline showing characteristic features analogous lack of grammaticality of her language.This procedure renders her anecdotes more than authentic and vivid that makes readers feel like they argon real listening to the phonations. She excessively repeatedly compares her frets vocalism with her revised modular side of meat version. In the story that happened to her and her capture in the beach, counterbalance she presents her set abouts utterance why he fagt light me check, already both weeks late. , and then she presents her utterance You had agreed to turn on me the check dickens weeks ago, but it hasnt arrived. (P. 2) that is said in perfect English.This similitude shows the clear differences among English and its variation, and makes readers to substantially figure out what her baffles language truly is. Although her mothers tongue is imperfect, tangent says that her mothers thought is not lacking(p) at all. She rather tells that my mothers English is absolutely clear, perfectly natural. Its my mother tongue. Her language, as I hear it, is vivid, direct, full of mirror image and imagery. That was the language that helped avatar the mode I saw things, express things, do sniff out of the world (P. 1).This part distinctly shows topazs love to her mother and mothers language. tangents wonder to her mother helps readers to figure burns mother and to be more prone to her. After she shows the way that her mother talks, she tells us two stories about her mother that she veritable unfair intervention in trust and in watertightary because of her language. Especially, anecdote regarding the CAT tire effectively appeals to pathos by arousing readers good-will for her mother. Her mother went to hospital to hear a result of her headland CAT descry, but the hospital wooly her CAT scan.However, they did not relieve to her mother, and they treasured her have some other appointment to get a diagnosis. Surprisingly, afterwards erythema solares phone communion with the doctor, they could get a sincere apologize and promise of the genuine CAT scan. This personal experience clear shows that there is inequality toward the people who cannot speak English fluently. Tan evoke enmity in the reader toward people shows flip behaviors to people who use variation of English. She does not end her essay by inclination her personal experiences.She raises her depicted object to a neighborly level to make people hold forth the following issue. She says that she has been asked, why there are not more Asian Americans delineated in American literature (P. 3). small-arm she tries to answer this question, she broadens the plain of the essay from her and her mother to Asian American society. She maintains that Asian American students could be steered out from writing by the teachers who assume that they are good at math and science, not English writing.Once more, she comes patronise to her personal experience the she overcame the brotherly separate of Asian American, and succeeded to be a writer. Also, she suggests her pissed decision she made before that she is spill to use all the Englishes that she grew up with, including her mother s English regarded as limited and broken (P. 3). She maintains that all languages have their own values and mingled language is the center field of her writing. By helping her readers to match themselves with her hardships and also her achiever as a writer, she inspires them to challenge the veto assumption on them.Tan repeatedly claims that her mother tongue is not an low-level language, but it has its own value like cadence English. She maintains that regarding variation of English as an inferior one should be rejected and revised. She also encourages her aimed readers to challenge the stamp on them. She delivers her contentedness by presentment us comminuted and lively represent anecdotes. Tan boffoly makes her readers emotionally accustomed to her personal stories and makes them to take in values in the variation of English.Mother spittlerhetorical Analysis of Mother Tongue scripted by Amy Tan So easily to read(p. 4). Amy Tan ends her essay, Mother Tongue with th is short and even grammatically victimize sentence. She tells us this mothers brief review is a proof of advantage of her writing. Why does she think that easiness is an bosom of her writing? She suggests answers to this question by her essay. In her essay, Amy Tan effectively convinces her readers that broken English is not an inferior language, but just a disparate style of English that has values in it by show her personal experiences and strong appeal to pathos.She makes her readers to have sympathetic emotions for her mother and hostile emotion for people who was rude to her by presenting vividly depicted personal anecdote. Also, she does not end her essay with her personal stories but broadens the composition to a social level. Amy Tan is a well know Chinese American writer who is famous for her major work, The Joy luck club. She usually writes about the mother and daughter relationship. The essay Mother Tongue was originally published in The twopenny Review in 1990 and also include in The Best American in short Stories 1991, edited by Joyce Carol Oates.In this essay, Tan is likely to reach out to immigrant families that went by similar hardships on communication that she and her mother experienced. In the beginning if her essay, Tan realizes that she uses different kind of English according to the situation. Then, she suggests reasons of the change in her own speaking. She presents personal anecdotes sexual relation to her mother. She shows the way her mother speaks English awry and how her mother was treated rudely by various people because of her language.In tans childhood, she thought her mothers imperfect English is shameful. She thought her mothers ability to think is also limited, as she uses imperfect English. Her mothers classifiable English influenced Tans English skills. She could get good grades on math and science, while she struggled with English achievement tests. In spite of the influence of her mothers English and discouraging comments about her writing from others, she rebelled against them and became a successful writer.Now, she thinks all languages she uses including her mothers tongue should be employ in her writing. She decided to seek to preserve the essence, her mothers intent, her passion, her imagery, the rhythms of her speech and the personality of her thoughts in her essay. (p. 3-4) The most powerful rhetorical strategy of her essay is personal anecdote. Her personal anecdotes not only support her argument but also appeal to pathos. Her essay can be seen as a just collection of anecdotes, but she unimpeachably has an argument in her essay.By presenting personal anecdotes of Tan and her mother, she maintains that people who use broken English are often treated disrespectfully even though their thought are not limited. Also, she lets her readers to compare her stories to their own and make them to think thoroughly about their own languages. Her mothers utterances are not just from the Tans mem ory, but videotaped and then transcribed by Tan. Also, Tan does not simply explain the way her mother talks, but presents her utterance line by line showing typical features like lack of grammaticality of her language.This procedure makes her anecdotes more authentic and vivid that makes readers feel like they are actually listening to the utterances. She also repeatedly compares her mothers utterance with her revised ensample English version. In the story that happened to her and her mother in the bank, showtime she presents her mothers utterance Why he dont conduct me check, already two weeks late. , and then she presents her utterance You had agreed to send me the check two weeks ago, but it hasnt arrived. (P. 2) that is said in perfect English.This comparison shows the clear differences amid English and its variation, and makes readers to easily figure out what her mothers language actually is. Although her mothers tongue is imperfect, Tan says that her mothers thought is n ot inferior at all. She rather tells that my mothers English is perfectly clear, perfectly natural. Its my mother tongue. Her language, as I hear it, is vivid, direct, full of ceremony and imagery. That was the language that helped shape the way I saw things, expressed things, made intelligence of the world (P. 1).This part clearly shows Tans affection to her mother and mothers language. Tans esteem to her mother helps readers to understand Tans mother and to be more link to her. After she shows the way that her mother talks, she tells us two stories about her mother that she received unfair treatment in bank and hospital because of her language. Especially, anecdote regarding the CAT scan effectively appeals to pathos by arousing readers sympathy for her mother. Her mother went to hospital to hear a result of her head CAT scan, but the hospital lost her CAT scan.However, they did not apologize to her mother, and they wanted her have another appointment to get a diagnosis. Surpri singly, after Tans phone conversation with the doctor, they could get a sincere apologize and promise of the original CAT scan. This personal experience clearly shows that there is discrimination toward the people who cannot speak English fluently. Tan evoke aversion in the reader toward people shows disrespectful behaviors to people who use variation of English. She does not end her essay by list her personal experiences.She raises her topic to a social level to make people prove the following issue. She says that she has been asked, why there are not more Asian Americans delineate in American literature (P. 3). speckle she tries to answer this question, she broadens the subject of the essay from her and her mother to Asian American society. She maintains that Asian American students could be steered away from writing by the teachers who assume that they are good at math and science, not English writing.Once more, she comes backwards to her personal experience the she overcame the social stamp of Asian American, and succeeded to be a writer. Also, she suggests her firm decision she made before that she is press release to use all the Englishes that she grew up with, including her mothers English regarded as limited and broken (P. 3). She maintains that all languages have their own values and mingled language is the essence of her writing. By helping her readers to relate themselves with her hardships and also her success as a writer, she inspires them to challenge the interdict assumption on them.Tan repeatedly claims that her mother tongue is not an inferior language, but it has its own value like standard English. She maintains that regarding variation of English as an inferior one should be rejected and revised. She also encourages her aimed readers to challenge the stereotype on them. She delivers her heart and soul by telling us detailed and lively portrayed anecdotes. Tan successfully makes her readers emotionally attached to her personal stori es and makes them to find values in the variation of English.Mother TongueRhetorical Analysis of Mother Tongue written by Amy Tan So easy to read(p. 4). Amy Tan ends her essay, Mother Tongue with this short and even grammatically wrong sentence. She tells us this mothers brief review is a proof of success of her writing. Why does she think that easiness is an essence of her writing? She suggests answers to this question by her essay. In her essay, Amy Tan effectively convinces her readers that broken English is not an inferior language, but just a different style of English that has values in it by depicting her personal experiences and strong appeal to pathos.She makes her readers to have sympathetic emotions for her mother and hostile emotion for people who was rude to her by presenting vividly depicted personal anecdote. Also, she does not end her essay with her personal stories but broadens the topic to a social level. Amy Tan is a well known Chinese American writer who is famou s for her major work, The Joy luck club. She usually writes about the mother and daughter relationship. The essay Mother Tongue was originally published in The Threepenny Review in 1990 and also included in The Best American Short Stories 1991, edited by Joyce Carol Oates.In this essay, Tan is likely to reach out to immigrant families that went through similar hardships on communication that she and her mother experienced. In the beginning if her essay, Tan realizes that she uses different kind of English according to the situation. Then, she suggests reasons of the change in her own speaking. She presents personal anecdotes relative to her mother. She shows the way her mother speaks English imperfectly and how her mother was treated rudely by various people because of her language.In tans childhood, she thought her mothers imperfect English is shameful. She thought her mothers ability to think is also limited, as she uses imperfect English. Her mothers distinctive English influence d Tans English skills. She could get good grades on math and science, while she struggled with English achievement tests. In spite of the influence of her mothers English and discouraging comments about her writing from others, she rebelled against them and became a successful writer.Now, she thinks all languages she uses including her mothers tongue should be used in her writing. She decided to seek to preserve the essence, her mothers intent, her passion, her imagery, the rhythms of her speech and the nature of her thoughts in her essay. (p. 3-4) The most powerful rhetorical strategy of her essay is personal anecdote. Her personal anecdotes not only support her argument but also appeal to pathos. Her essay can be seen as a just collection of anecdotes, but she definitely has an argument in her essay.By presenting personal anecdotes of Tan and her mother, she maintains that people who use broken English are often treated disrespectfully even though their thought are not limited. Al so, she lets her readers to compare her stories to their own and make them to think thoroughly about their own languages. Her mothers utterances are not just from the Tans memory, but videotaped and then transcribed by Tan. Also, Tan does not simply explain the way her mother talks, but presents her utterance line by line showing distinctive features like lack of grammaticality of her language.This procedure makes her anecdotes more authentic and vivid that makes readers feel like they are actually listening to the utterances. She also repeatedly compares her mothers utterance with her revised standard English version. In the story that happened to her and her mother in the bank, first she presents her mothers utterance Why he dont send me check, already two weeks late. , and then she presents her utterance You had agreed to send me the check two weeks ago, but it hasnt arrived. (P. 2) that is said in perfect English.This comparison shows the clear differences between English and it s variation, and makes readers to easily figure out what her mothers language actually is. Although her mothers tongue is imperfect, Tan says that her mothers thought is not inferior at all. She rather tells that my mothers English is perfectly clear, perfectly natural. Its my mother tongue. Her language, as I hear it, is vivid, direct, full of observation and imagery. That was the language that helped shape the way I saw things, expressed things, made sense of the world (P. 1).This part clearly shows Tans affection to her mother and mothers language. Tans admiration to her mother helps readers to understand Tans mother and to be more attached to her. After she shows the way that her mother talks, she tells us two stories about her mother that she received unfair treatment in bank and hospital because of her language. Especially, anecdote regarding the CAT scan effectively appeals to pathos by arousing readers sympathy for her mother. Her mother went to hospital to hear a result of her brain CAT scan, but the hospital lost her CAT scan.However, they did not apologize to her mother, and they wanted her have another appointment to get a diagnosis. Surprisingly, after Tans phone conversation with the doctor, they could get a sincere apologize and promise of the original CAT scan. This personal experience clearly shows that there is discrimination toward the people who cannot speak English fluently. Tan evoke hostility in the reader toward people shows disrespectful behaviors to people who use variation of English. She does not end her essay by listing her personal experiences.She raises her topic to a social level to make people discuss the following issue. She says that she has been asked, why there are not more Asian Americans represented in American literature (P. 3). While she tries to answer this question, she broadens the subject of the essay from her and her mother to Asian American society. She maintains that Asian American students could be steered away from writing by the teachers who assume that they are good at math and science, not English writing.Once more, she comes back to her personal experience the she overcame the social stereotype of Asian American, and succeeded to be a writer. Also, she suggests her firm decision she made before that she is going to use all the Englishes that she grew up with, including her mothers English regarded as limited and broken (P. 3). She maintains that all languages have their own values and mingled language is the essence of her writing. By helping her readers to relate themselves with her hardships and also her success as a writer, she inspires them to challenge the negative assumption on them.Tan repeatedly claims that her mother tongue is not an inferior language, but it has its own value like standard English. She maintains that regarding variation of English as an inferior one should be rejected and revised. She also encourages her aimed readers to challenge the stereotype on them. She delivers her message by telling us detailed and lively portrayed anecdotes. Tan successfully makes her readers emotionally attached to her personal stories and makes them to find values in the variation of English.